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Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, Collinsville, IL, USA

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East of the Mississippi River, the "Mound Builders" (the Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian civilizations) developed complex agricultural societies. The mounds that they built were used for defense and for ceremonies (such as funerals). The heart of these peoples' civilization is the "lost city" of Cahokia (in southern IL).

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1492: Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World

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1492: Christopher Columbus "discovers" the New World

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Christopher Columbus sails from Spain to find India and instead finds Haiti (the island 'Hispaniola') and the Taino people, who he calls 'Indians'.

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Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

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The Vikings: Leif Erikson settles Newfoundland (1001 AD)

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The Vikings: Leif Erikson settles Newfoundland (1001 AD)

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Leif Erikson, son of Erik the Red, travels further west and reaches an island by Canada, which he calls 'Newfoundland'. (His sister, Freydis Eriksdottir, also travels there and allegedly scared away a group of aggressive Native Americans by waving a sword and screaming while eight months pregnant.)

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The Vikings: Erik the Red discovers Greenland (985 AD)

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The Vikings: Erik the Red discovers Greenland (985 AD)

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Erik the Red was exiled from his homeland in Northern Europe and sailed west. He is famous for naming Greenland, which in reality isn't green at all, but cold and grey.

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Perú Machupicchu Treks, Peru, Cusco, Peru

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The Inca engineered an enormous empire that stretched along the west of South America. Pictured is Machu Picchu, the famous "lost city" of the Incas.

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The Mayans were not conquered by European explorers; instead, they "mysteriously disappeared" (possibly from overpopulation, warfare and overuse of land). Their achievements in architecture, math (for example, the concept of 'zero'), astronomy, and language were extremely impressive. One of their most intriguing achievements is their advanced calendar, which was based in astronomy.

Short story: "El Eclipse" / "The Eclipse"

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Laguna De Los Cerros, Ciudad Olmeca, Ver., Mexico

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The Olmec civilization was located around the Gulf of Mexico. This mysterious culture endured for almost a thousand years before disappearing. (The Olmec may also have been the first people to grow and consume chocolate, a hot commodity from the New World.)

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The Aztec Empire was a large civilization that developed an advanced agricultural system. Its capital city (pictured above), Tenochtitlan, was located in what is today Mexico City, the capital of Mexico. (Tenochtitlan was conquered by Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes in 1521.)

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Lenni Lenape Park, Narrows Drive, Lebanon, PA, USA

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Between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean, the Eastern tribes relied on an abundance of trees to build longhouses, wigwams and other structures. To develop agriculture, some tribes cleared some of the woodlands to grow food. They also relied on resources from the ocean and rivers (fishing) and wildlife (furs, meat). By the early 1500s, the Indians of the Northeast had been in contact with explorers from England, Spain, France, and Portugal. These tribes include the Iroquois, Mohican, Powhatan, Seneca, Wampanoag, and Lenape.

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The Great Plains Historical Marker, Kearney, NE, USA

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Many of the Native American tribes who lived in this large region were a combination of nomadic and agricultural, living in transportable tipis. These tribes include: the Apache, Cheyenne, Crow, Iowa, Lakota, Omaha, Pawnee, and more. After the Spanish arrived with horses from Europe, many Native Americans began hunting on horseback, but the buffalo still remained an important part of their culture.

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The Native Americans who lived in this desert region were nomadic (they moved from place to place) because they followed herds of bison to hunt them for food. These people survived as hunter-gatherers.

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Bering Land Bridge National Park and Preserve, Alaska, USA

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2. End of the Ice Age (12,000 years ago)

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2. End of the Ice Age (12,000 years ago)

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At the end of the Ice Age, the glaciers melted, covering the Bering land bridge with water. The first Americans began spreading across the continent and developing new ways to survive: they had to adapt to their new environment, especially since the megafauna (large mammals) that they hunted during the Ice Age became extinct.

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1. The Bering Land Bridge theory (40,000 years ago)

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1. The Bering Land Bridge theory (40,000 years ago)

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We aren't completely sure when the first Native Americans arrived, but we know that they travelled thousands of years ago from Siberia (northeast Russia) when, during the Ice Age, the Bering land bridge connected the two continents.