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Hello Geographers!

For our second tutorial this week, please complete this (hopefully short) Padlet activity.

Please post a response under each column (i.e. 2-3 responses in total per person). For the section on Q2b, you may work with 1-2 other classmates and submit your response as a pair/trio. Responses are to be posted at least 2 hours before class!

Happy geogging and meandering around this Padlet! 🌏

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Revise Lecture 6 and post any questions you have about the content below!

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Hydro 20Tutorial 207 Senior 20Essay 20 Q1b 

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Read the essay attached and comment on the following:

1.  What makes a good introduction?
2. What are the points of evaluation?
3. How is evaluation done?
4. How would you rate this essay?

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Based on your revision of Lecture 6 and understanding of the demands of a 20m essay question, attempt Q2b of your tutorial.

Post a brief essay outline including:

Main overarching argument

Topic sentence + Key idea to be explained for each topic sentence

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Landscapes and the Quest for River Equilibrium

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1. explaining what the context (channel regime) and content (channel patterns), then have a stand and bring in other factors
2. comparison among sediment regime, discharge, and human activities
3. direct comparison btw sediment regime vs discharge, using meandering rivers and braided rivers as egs, comparison btw sediment regime vs human activities, using named dams as an eg
4. sibei zai

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What is the definition of river rejuvenation? Or perhaps, a way to generalise it?

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Longitudinal profiles are plots of the elevation vs distance from the stream mouth to the upper reaches within the watershed basin. Whether one type of factor is more dominant than the other can vary across different climates. Furthermore, the geology of the area, temporal reasons, and climate change can also influence the profile of the river hence we do not agree to a large extent that human activities are the dominant factor in influencing the longitude profile of rivers.

Firstly, climate is the major factor affecting the longitude profile of the rivers as it has a domino effect on other factors.

Moreover, temporal reasons can also affect its longitude profile. For instance, for a river in disequilibrium to reach a state of equilibrium, it needs time. This process takes place through erosion and deposition. There can be other time-related factors such as weathering and tectonic activity that can change the height of the land, resulting in an ever-changing longitudinal profile. For example, scientists have found out that the river in Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains has knickpoints that are still actively retreating today. Though it happens less frequently than climate change, it neither requires huge space for it to occur nor people for it to take place, hence it will have a larger impact on the river's longitudinal profile than human activities.

Though human activities change the longitudinal profile of the river, human activities such as dams require large space for it to occur hence the effects on the river is limited.

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1. define channel patterns, introduce other factors, state overall stand of essay
2. compare between the different factors (sediment regime, human activities, discharge) and describe the process in both different context (meandering, braided)
3. bring in all the factors mentioned and compare them, weigh the importance of the factors (rank them??)
4. 11/10 amazing

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1. Talks about the issue being discussed before raising the factors to be written about. Like that the issue is addressed directly first (while sediment plays an important role...). States stand very clearly. (Umm, I thought we were taught to define the factors as well?)

2. Can't consider sediment regime on its own, even if you do, 'I'm' still right.

3. Evaluation done by repeating the points that were already arranged in a logical train of thought

4. I'm giving the essay a rating of 7/10. The content that is the bulk of the essay seems lacking due to use of vocabulary without explanations. In addition, I think the intro is still a little lacking because it doesn't explain the reasons directly(?).

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1.  A good introduction has a clearly states what the essay will be discussing on and the stand of the writer (although it can be placed at the conclusion, it being at the intro is better imo).
2. They were the significance of sediment regime on channel patterns. Why channel patterns change was also a critical point as it brings in how all the factors (discharge & s.r.) is interlinked
3. Evaluation is done by considering whether a factor can influence another factor (e.g. Q influence s.r.). If so, the influential factor naturally becomes more significant as it can alter other factors. If not, evaluate which factor is more consistently able to alter the pattern (e.g. if in 2 places, Q same but s.r. diff will a change in pattern be observed? And vice versa)
4. I enjoyed reading this and its chim vocab. 19/20

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Agree to a small extent, human activities play a large part. Defn. of longitudinal profile. While human activities influence long profile, it is not a stand alone factor and is accompanied by natural processes. In comparison human activities play a more impt role as it can change the natural factor that take place.

An example of a natural factor would be climate, which directly influences the river discharge. Generally, in humid climates, river long profile tend to be more concave whereas in arid climates, river long profile tend to be straighter or even convex. + explain why (due to discharge and change in dominant erosion, transportation, or deposition).  Also explain why climate influences discharge briefly. However, human activities can control discharge in a river(e.g. dams, canals, water stores). Climate can also be semi-controlled by human activities (seeding to encourage rainfall, reforestation increase rainfall, even though ITCZ no change, rainfall may be altered. Temp can also change duo to global warming=increase evap=less discharge=less energy for fluvial processes. Thus reducing the ability of climate to influence long profile.

Another natural factor is base level. Generally, ia change in base level will result in the formation of knicks in the long profile. The gradient of the long profile will also change..+ explain why (Change in potential energy) However, human activities directly influence the base level through increasing sea level(go abit more in-depth) Hence base level is actually semi-controlled by human activities.

Human activities disrupt the natural conditions of the drainage basins and hence alters all the natural factors that can play a part in influencing long profile. +explain changes in land use in changing long profile (deforestation can lead to more sediment entering the river= less energy=more depo= gradient change.)

In the past when humans were still unevolved apes, natural factors are the sole influencers of river long profile and the dominant one would be climate as it directly influences river discharge and velocity which influences fluvial processes (which is in charge on litho. Base level does not change much). However, in the current age, human activities are increasingly prevalent around rivers, and now directly alters said natural processes. As the human activities now control these natural processes, it now plays the largest part in influencing long profile.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Agree to small extent, human activities are a smaller factor compared to climate (the most impt one) but still quite significant.

1. Sediment load
Human activities affect sediment load. Eg loss of vegetation > river banks erode more easily > increased sediment load > decrease erosion and increase deposition > gentler gradient
Climate affects sediment load. Eg humid tropics > high rf + discharge all year round > increase sediment load and erosion > concave shape
Humans and climate both affect but climate js legerdemain impact over a larger space (aka the whole channel, not just one part)

2. Discharge
Human activity affects discharge. Eg deforestation > increase overland flows > increase discharge > increase erosion and transportation > steeper gradient
Climate affects discharge. Eg humid tropics has ITCZ > constant high discharge that increased downstream > concave shape
Climate more impactful bc long term effect over larger area. Human activities has very short term effect.

3. Base level
Humans make dam > increase base level > gentler gradient
Climate like glacial period > decrease sea lvl > decrease base level > steeper gradient
climate affects lots of rivers around the world; larger impact than human activity

Hence human activity has significant impact but compared to other factors like climate it’s part is relatively small.

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1. A good intro will state an overview of the factors as well as the stand
2.They compared the different factors (sediment regime, discharge and hooman activities)
3. Evaluation explored a factor's impact plus its relation with other factors (since factors are often interconnected and not isolated).
4. 8/10 (honestly 10/10 because I suck at essays lol :P)

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I agree with this to a small extent. Human activities do play a large part in shaping the longitudinal profile because it can be independent of the environment, considering it is not a natural process. Longitudinal profiles are the gradient of the river's water surface line from its source to the mouth, and the severity of the effects of any factor would be dependent on the environment- geology, climate etc.

Firstly, longitudinal profile is more severely impacted by human activities, because it is isolated from natural processes. While natural processes occur at a slower rate and require the right conditions for it happen, human activities do not require this and are man-made. they defy all laws of nature   (talk about dams, irrigation stealing water example)

However, while human activities may have  a great impact, natural factors such as climate and geology have impact too.

Climate has notable impact on the profile as it is usually affects the input of water and therefore the discharge. Humid climates will have higher and more consistent discharge while arid climates have lower and less consistent discharges. This in turn will affect fluvial processes, and therefore the shape (concave or convex)

Geology has an impact as well, since it affects the type of loads and the amount in the river as well as the river's ability to erode away downwards or laterally. (mention: sediment regime: sediment load, size, how it affects erosion)

Base level also has an impact as it directly affects the channel slope, pattern, width or roughness. This is because the river wants to achieve equilibrium, hence if there is a change in the base level the river must adapt to it to achieve the new equilibrium.

In conclusion, human activities have a large impact. Natural processes will have less impact since they are interconnected, but they still have an impact nonetheless.