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Raids from pro-government northern Sudanese pastoralists in the 1980s gave way to intense fighting among Nuer clans in much of Unity state (as well as in parts of Jonglei and Upper Nile), which generally found its expression in fighting for control of resources (including cattle) by irregular militias under the command of minor warlords (and some major warlords) who had connections to the largest factions fighting the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983-2005). During this complex violence, armed Nuer youth became increasingly autonomous, and would frequently raid each other as well as their Dinka neighbours. Attempts at resolving some of this violence since the late 1990s has led to various arrangements, some of which have been successful in limiting violence.

Since early 2021, violence among Nuer clans has been increasing in southern Unity state. This violence - which sometimes involves cattle raiding - is once again a consequence of complex political games being played among predatory elites.

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There have been historical tensions and violence between Dinka pastoralists and local farming communities (usually ethnic Zande) in areas to the far-west of Western Equatoria state, which following the displacement of Dinka groups from areas to the north during the Second Civil War (1983-2005). Vigilante militias formed in these areas, elements of which later merged with the SPLM-IO rebellion in 2015. There have not been recent reports of tensions with Dinka for several years now.

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Complex patterns of violence between Arab-identifying Misseriya and the Ngok Dinka clan (of the Padang Dinka clan family, who are traditionally the weakest of the main Dinka lineages) in and around Abyei have been ongoing since the late 1970s. Although an element of the conflict relates to grazing access by the Misseriya into Abyei (and lands further south), the conflict also reflects socio-economic marginalization of the Misseriya in Sudan, and the increasing significance of Ngok Dinka elites to the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army rebellion when it was under the command of Dr John Garang. The political status of Abyei has been a source of political friction between the governments of Sudan and South Sudan at several points in the past two decades, which has sometimes resulted in further hostile actions from the Misseriya against the Ngok Dinka.

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Sustained raids by pro-government pastoralists from southern areas of Darfur and Kordofan (from the Rizeigat and Misseriya groups, respectively) into northern regions of South Sudan became serious in the 1980s, and have flared up frequently since this time. These have affected Malual Dinka areas around Aweil in Northern Bahr el Ghazal state, as well as Rek and Twic Dinka areas to the east.

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Heavy fighting among Rek Dinka clans in Tonj South and North counties has been occurring for several years, though has worsened since 2020. Such violence is ostensibly cattle-related; linked to administrative boundaries; and/or to land; though violence in reality appears to be connected to disputes among the Rek Dinka elite (note that the Rek Dinka are the most powerful group in the country, after wresting power from the Bor Dinka during the mid/late 2000's). Similar clashes have occurred in the Gogrial area to the north of Warrap, whilst heavy fighting between militias and military forces in Tonj East county in 2020 was linked to rivalries among the security elite in Juba.
Rek Dinka pastoralists have also been involved in clashes with sedentary groups (usually from the Luo ethnic group) in north-eastern parts of Western Bahr el Ghazal state, and with Luach-Jang Dinka pastoralists in Tonj East state (note the Luach-Jang are traditionally seen as the poor man in Warrap state politics).

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Cattle raiding between the Twic Dinka of Twic county (Warrap state) and the Bul Nuer of Mayom has intensified in recent years. Elements of the Twic Dinka have also clashed with the Ngok Dinka in the disputed Abyei area in 2022. These clashes are thought to relate to ownership and revenue collection in Abyei, although disputes between the Twic and Ngok clan elites have been festering for some time.

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The Bor Dinka (who are the most dominant political power in Jonglei state, and were previously the leading power in Juba) have been engaged in escalating violence with the Murle, which took a serious turn after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed in 2005. Displacement of Bor Dinka to Eastern Equatoria to the south in the 1990s has generated numerous tensions between Bor Dinka and Equatorian communities, notably with the Madi. Cattle raiding among Bor Dinka clans is occasionally reported, although disputes within the Bor Dinka area more likely to relate to fishing areas, whilst disputes between the Bor Dinka and neighbouring clans over control of disputed islands (particularly on the borders between Jonglei and Lakes state) has occurred, whilst a brewing land dispute with the Mundari in Mangalla in Juba county (Central Equatoria state) has led to occasional violence.

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Dinka and Nuer communities from northern Jonglei state have closer relationships than their counter-parts elsewhere in the country, and accordingly raiding between these communities is limited. Nevertheless, these groups are involved in mutual raiding against the Murle, which has led to retaliatory attacks and cattle raids against these communities.

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There has been increasing cattle raiding in Lou Nuer areas (Nyirol, Uror and Akobo counties), much of which is attributed to the Murle. In all likelihood, some of this raiding is likely to be internal, and the Lou Nuer have at times had poor relations with all neighbouring communities (not just the Murle) when grazing their cattle outside of their home areas.

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Cross-border raids between Toposa and Turkana pastoralists are a regular (and possibly growing) occurrence along the South Sudan-Kenya border.

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There have been increasing cattle raids from the Murle in northern areas of Kapoeta in Eastern Equatoria state against Toposa pastoralists.

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Incursions and cattle theft by Dinka pastoralists from Lakes state against ethnic Moru farming areas in northern Mundri and Mvolo counties has been a source of long-running tension in the area, and was a factor in the spread of the SPLM-IO rebellion to the area in 2015. This violence also affected nearby Maridi.

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Clashes between different age-sets of the Mundari have increased since autumn 2020, and spilled over from Terekeka county to more southern areas of Central Equatoria state, including around Juba. Mundari pastoralists have also been linked to abuses of sedentary farmers in Lainya and Kajo-Keji counties close to the border with Uganda.

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Lakes state has seen multiple conflicts among mainly Dinka pastoralists (specifically within and between sections of the Agar Dinka (based in and around Rumbek), Gok Dinka (based in Cueibet county), and to a lesser extent from the Ciec and Aliab clans to the east of the state), as well as clashes with the Atuot ethnic group, and incursions from Nuer cattle raiders from southern Unity state. Cross-border raiding between the Pakam section of the Agar Dinka (based in Rumbek North) and the Luach-Jang Dinka clan (based in Tonj East in Warrap state) has resulted in particularly serious violence.

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Western (lowland) Murle have been involved in increasing violence with the other pastoralists groups in the area - the Bor Dinka, Lou Nuer, and Gawaar Nuer - which tend to involve significant cattle raids (note that the numbers of cattle stolen are often inflated for bargaining purposes), and abductions of women and children. These conflicts have markedly worsened since the mid-2000s, and often involve regular forces and rebels.

Note that there have been incursions by Murle raiders into parts of Gambella region (Ethiopia) against the Anyuak/Anywaa group, which has led to limited reprisal attacks.

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Bor Dinka pastoralists have been engaged in attacks and clashes with sedentary Acholi and Madi groups in and around Magwi. Though popular commentary has linked this to climate change displacing Bor Dinka from grazing areas in southern Jonglei state, these conflicts have been occurring since the early 2000's (though with long gaps), and the Bor Dinka's centrality to political, military and commercial power in South Sudan is an important factor in them

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Mulenge, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Mulenge, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Mulenge, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Dahalo

Dahalo (literally 'bandit') are armed groups of tens to hundreds with leadership of individual groups or smaller networks. No known coordinated leadership nationally. Ethnic groups involved are primarily Bara and Antandroy. Involved in cattle/zebu raids across the country

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Fulani

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Karamajong