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The American Revolution was mainly caused by colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies and to make them repay them for the defense during the French And Indian War.

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Causes of The American Revolution by Professor Jack N. Rakove

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The Bill of Rights are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which are also known as the Bill of Rights. These guarantee the essential rights and the civil liberties to the people.

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I know that this is the same video I used for The Articles of Confederation, but it did a good job explaining it as well.

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The Constitution, the Articles, and Federalism: Crash Course US History #8

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Major ideas of the Articles of Confederation

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Major ideas of the Articles of Confederation

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This video sums ups and explains the Articles of Confederation into a way that made sense to me which is why I picked it. I also really like crash course videos like this

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The Constitution, the Articles, and Federalism: Crash Course US History #8

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Major ideas of the Declaration of Independence

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Major ideas of the Declaration of Independence

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This video Explains the Major Ideas of the Declaration of Independence summed up

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The Declaration of Independence: What's important for Civics

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Benjamin Franklin was a Founding Father of the United States. He helped draft the Declaration of Independence and was a signer.

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He was the 3rd President of the U.S. He was an American Founding Fathers, and was also the principal author of the Declaration of Independence

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This video is about who George Washington was

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George Washington: The First President of the United States | Biography

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This Video talks about who John Adams is

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John Adams: American Independence: The 2nd President of the United States | Mini Bio | BIO

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King George was the King or the United Kingdom and the British Dominions

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The WPA was a program put into place by FDR in order to give citizens work after the war. During it's 8 years in effect, it provided work to nearly 8.5 million Americans.

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This image is a great representation of the robber barons of the Gilded Age and how they took over capitalism and monopolized most of the country. Major names were Vanderbilt, Carnegie and Rockefeller.

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This is a great image of President Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address, a speech he gave 4 months after the Civil War in an attempt to reunify the country after the heavy division.

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This is a great video for upper elementary from the History channel that explains how America became involved in World War II.

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WWII In HD: America Enters World War II | History

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This is a great video for older elementary and middle schoolers that dives deeper into the Civil Rights Movement, where it started, and how it ended.

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This is a great link for students to get more information about the Founding Fathers and what they did for America before it got its start.

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The Founding Fathers were the leading statesmen during the American Revolution and the formation of the United States. They were responsible for the successful war for independence, the ideas celebrated in the Declaration of Independence, and the republican form of government established in the U.S. Constitution.

Although the list varies depending on who is writing it, the following 10 men (listed alphabetically) are almost always included: John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Marshall, George Mason, and George Washington.

Some people do not like the term Founding Fathers because it does not allow for the inclusion of women. Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and Mercy Otis Warren, among others, all made significant contributions to the founding of the country as well.

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The Founding Fathers were the leading statesmen during the American Revolution and the formation of the United States. They were responsible for the successful war for independence, the ideas celebrated in the Declaration of Independence, and the republican form of government established in the U.S. Constitution.

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This video is a great resource for classroom teachers to use when discussing FDR and the post war troubles. The New Deal was FDR's way of getting the country out of the Great Depression and bringing the country together again.

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt's (FDR's) New Deal Explained in One Minute

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An example of post-war isolationism propaganda from post WWI.

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After WWI, America wanted to remain neutral as much as possible because war is too expensive. They wanted to stay out of foreign affairs and focus on themselves.

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This image is a timeline breakdown of WWI. It doesn't go into too much detail, but is a great explanation of the main events that occurred during the war.

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This is the amendment that finally gave women the right to vote. This video is a great reflection on the amendment and what it means for women in history today.

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Women's Suffrage & The 19th Amendment Explained

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Great video on the highlights of William Lloyd Garrison's role in the abolitionist movement to abolish slavery in the United States.

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Fascinating story about how the steam engine got it's start on the B&O Railroad.

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During the throes of the Industrial Revolution, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad still ran on horsepower-literally. Steeds hauled the B&O's railcars when the railroad launched in May 1830. But the company's investors knew that only machines, not muscle, would be able to power trains over its planned 380-mile rail line between Baltimore, Maryland and Wheeling, West Virginia.

According to an 1868 lecture at the Maryland Institute by John H.B. Latrobe, a dramatic race between a horse and a little railroad engine would foreshadow the nation's transition to machine power.

Engineers from Great Britain were skeptical that any steam-powered locomotive could handle the steep grades and negotiate the extremely sharp curves along the Patapsco River on the B&O system. Concerned about their investments, B&O directors turned to 39-year-old Peter Cooper, a self-educated inventor and businessman from New York City.

Brady/Library of Congress/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images

"I told the directors that I believed I could knock together a locomotive."

Cooper may not have had much railroad experience, but he had a tinkerer's mind. "I had naturally a knack at contriving," he recalled in a July 9, 1882 issue of the Boston Herald. Cooper had constructed a double boiler for his New York glue factory and worked with steam engines in developing a cloth-cutting machine and a continuous chain system to tow boats along the Erie Canal, which was rejected because it would take jobs from horse traders and feed suppliers. He had even obtained a patent for a self-rocking baby cradle that featured a fan to shoo flies and a musical instrument to play a lullaby.

"I told the directors that I believed I could knock together a locomotive," said Cooper, who had a considerable financial incentive in making the B&O a success. He had invested in 3,000 acres outside of Baltimore through which a proposed B&O line would run and send the value of the land soaring. Cooper cobbled together a one-ton demonstration steam locomotive from an old brass engine he had and discarded wheels he found in a railroad shop. Unable to locate suitable iron pipes for his boiler, he broke apart two muskets and used their barrels as tubes.

The diminutive locomotive may not have looked like much, but it proved its power on its first test run on August 24, 1830. Cooper's contraption successfully hauled a dozen passengers along a seven-mile run from Baltimore to Relay to become the first American steam locomotive to operate on a commercial track in the United States.

John H.B. Latrobe joined other B&O leaders on a subsequent test run along the railroad's 13-mile double-track stretch from Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills. With six people in the locomotive, which Latrobe dubbed a "Tom Thumb engine," and another 18 in an open car, the directors were delighted as they reached a top speed of 18 miles per hour. The Tom Thumb impressed all the passengers by handling every curve and incline along the 72-minute journey.

'Tom Thumb' vs. Horse

Having seen the Tom Thumb chug by, however, the proprietors of the Stockton & Stokes stagecoach company were determined to derail the future. As the locomotive passed through Relay on its return to Baltimore, the stagecoach operators challenged Cooper to race his steam-powered invention against a horse-drawn railroad car side-by-side along the double tracks.

Cooper accepted the offer, and the locomotive and a gray horse, both yoked to railroad cars, toed the starting line with "the snort of the one and the puff of the other keeping time and tune," according to Latrobe. When the signal was given, the steed darted to a half-mile lead as the Tom Thumb labored to build up a head of steam. The locomotive belched clouds of vapor as it started to gain ground. Eventually Cooper's iron horse nosed ahead of the horse as its passengers gave a cheer. The gray's master could only dip his head in disappointment as the machine age passed him by.

Suddenly, though, the locomotive's roar morphed into a wheeze. A leather blower belt had slipped off a wheel, causing the engine to stop. As the horse regained the lead, Cooper burned his hands on the hot engine as he frantically tried to make the repair. By the time he was able to fix his contraption, it was too late.

Having built up an insurmountable lead, the horse won the race. But the triumph proved short-lived. The railroad directors came away from the test run so excited about the locomotive's speed, power and ability to navigate tight curves that it was full steam ahead for the B&O.

George Rinhart/Corbis/Getty Image

"The real victory was with Mr. Cooper," Latrobe told his audience in 1868. Hitching its future to steam power, the B&O in January 1831 advertised a $4,000 prize for the development of a more robust engine. By 1836, it had a dozen locomotives operating along its tracks and retired its horses.

Did the Race Really Occur?

Latrobe told a great story about the race, but did it actually occur? "I have not seen any hard proof of it happening," says Travis Harry, director of museum operations at Baltimore's B&O Railroad Museum. "The first mention of the race in any document was not until 1868 and for all the people who were supposed to be there, none mentioned it in letters, diaries or any articles at that time. But since the horse supposedly won, that would look bad on the railroad so they might not have wanted to mention it."

Cooper did allude to a race occurring after the first experiments in an 1882 interview but mentioned few details. "It didn't amount to anything," he said. "It was rather funny, and the locomotive got out of gear."

Although Cooper's invention proved a success, he never built another locomotive. The polymath turned his attention to other ventures. A Cooper-owned rolling mill was the first in the United States to make I-beams and use the Bessemer process to make steel. He developed a remote-control torpedo and even obtained a patent for powdered gelatin.

In 1876, the 85-year-old Cooper became the oldest presidential nominee in American history after earning the Greenback Party nomination. Cooper's ingenuity earned him a fortune, much of which he donated to found New York's Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, which remains one of America's top colleges.

As for the railroads, they transformed America by stitching together the young country and propelling the Industrial Revolution. Bullet trains can now whisk passengers at speeds topping 250 miles per hour, but they could be surpassed, much like the gray horse, by next-generation transportation systems, such as Elon Musk's proposed Hyperloop that promises to propel passengers at speeds of more than 670 miles per hour.

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When a Horse Raced Against a Locomotive During the Industrial Revolution

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During the throes of the Industrial Revolution, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad still ran on horsepower-literally. Steeds hauled the B&O's railcars when the railroad launched in May 1830. But the company's investors knew that only machines, not muscle, would be able to power trains over its planned 380-mile rail line between Baltimore, Maryland and Wheeling, West Virginia.

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This short 1:30 video gives the viewer more information about the origins of the phrase "manifest destiny" and how opposing sides of this phrase viewed this idea of expansion.

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Historian Matthew Pinsker gives a crash course on the concept of "manifest destiny" and the seeds of westward American expansion.

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This source gives four political cartoons created during the Gilded Age along with explanations to what the cartoon is depicting. I think these cartoons give a unique lens into what many people were experiencing during this time.

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The Gilded Age:

From the 1870s to the early 1900s, the United States experienced an era of rapid economic growth. As industrialization expanded, a small number of businessmen dominated American economics. The country's wealth gap increased greatly and became very apparent to the public. Many citizens resented the top 1% who owned the majority of the nation's wealth. These business titans also often exploited their workers for profit, resulting in many strikes and worker unions. Later, Mark Twain coined this era the "Gilded Age" since the economic growth presented the appearance of a glittering jewel, but underneath lurked disparity, conspicuous consumption, and corruption (White 2019). Political cartoons became a prime tool to express the public's anger.

"Protectors of our Industries" was created by Bernhard Gillam and published by Keppler and Schw arzmann in ealthy businessmen sit on top of a raft that is held up by various types of workers. The businessmen cling to their money, while the workers struggle beneath them. This image captures the public's frustration with the parasitic power dynamic between the industrial giants and the working class. Businessmen commonly exploited their workers, forcing them to shoulder horrendous and often dangerous working conditions, while experiencing no such circumstances themselves. I n the aftermath of the Johnstown Flood, this power dynamic was fundamental to the public's anger. It was especially infuriating that the figures who were responsible for the disaster were already exploiting many of the victims in the first place, yet faced no consequences for either crime. The Puck, a satirical magazine. It was released in 1883, six years before the Johnstown Flood (Gillam 1883). The cartoon depicts the outrageous inequalities that ravaged the Gilded Age. In the image, w

"Bosses of the Senate" was created by Joseph Keppler and also published in on January 23, 1889, less than five months before the Johnstow n Flood. This image was heavily circulated in the media (Keppler 1889). It depicts large, overindulgent businessmen representing their corporate interests as they loom over tiny senators. The sign behind the businessmen reads, "This is the Senate of the Monopolists by the Monopolists for the Monopolists." Businessmen had an ov erwhelming political influence during the Gilded Age. America's legal system was corrupt and essentially useless, since dominating industrial interests undermined any pursuit of justice. Despite often acting unfairly and even illegally, businessmen were often able to evade consequences. This corruption became evident in the aftermath of the Johnstown Flood. Despite evidence of their guilt, the South Fork Fishing Club members took advantage of their considerable wealth and influence to avoid any legal liability.

"Andrew Carnegie Plays a Double Roll" was published in the Saturday Globe in 1892, three years after the flood. The cartoon depicts two contradictory sides of Carnegie: the business titan and the philanthropist. Out of all of the prominent business figures that arose during the Gilded Age, Andrew Carnegie is perhaps viewed in the most positive light. Committed to his Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie donated much of his wealth to charity and was known for donating libraries to various towns. However, this image points out that while his philanthropy was commendable, he was also a ruthless businessman. His economic ferocity was perhaps best represented by the Homestead Strike of 1982, where workers in one of his steel factories went on strike in hopes of improved wages and working conditions. Carnegie hired a private security team to meet these strikes with violence (White 2019). Though perhaps more generous than many others, Carnegie was first and foremost an unrelenting businessman who exploited his workers. Carnegie was one of the most prominent members of the South Fork Fishing Club. After the flood, citizens considered him responsible, along with many other club members, for the disaster. Continuing with his common practice, Carnegie donated a library to Johnstown as part of the relief effort (PA Inquirer, August 23, 1889). The public reaction to his actions is well-represented in this cartoon. Johnstown residents were grateful for the library, but that did not excuse the injustices that caused the disaster in the first place.

"The Republican Monopoly Pleasure Club and its Dangerous Dam" was published in magazine on June 12, 1889 (JAHA 2019). It depicts the members of the South Fork Fishing Club picnicking atop the dam, enjoying leisurely activities while the leaking dam floods the city beneath. Though this cartoon captures the Johnstown Flood more literally than the previous cartoons, it is quite similar to them. Even if the Johnstown Flood did not occur, it would not be surprising to find this image in a collection of overexaggerated metaphorical cartoons portraying the injustices of the Gilded Age. Like the previous images, it depicts the blatant outrage towards the businessmen who faced no consequences for their harmful actions. Not only are the club members unconcerned with the horrible tragedy that they are causing, but they still enjoy the same lavish lifestyle while the lives of the citizens who they were already exploiting get washed away.

Overview:

By viewing this series of cartoons, it is evident that the Johnstown disaster was just another dramatic example of the same economic and social power dynamic that pervaded the Gilded Age. The destruction of the South Fork Dam mirrored the collapse of the industrialists' reputation in the late 1800s. Following the Gilded Age was the Progressive Era, a period where activists advocated for social and political reform in order to address the problems caused by industrialization (White 2019). Public reactions to the political and economic corruption that was exposed by the Johnstown Flood helped launch the United States into this new Progressive Era that would begin within a decade of this disaster.

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The Gilded Age: From the 1870s to the early 1900s, the United States experienced an era of rapid economic growth. As industrialization expanded, a small number of businessmen dominated American economics. The country's wealth gap increased greatly and became very apparent to the public.

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Plessy vs. Ferguson (Separate but Equal)

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Plessy vs. Ferguson (Separate but Equal)

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This comic strip, I thought, does a great job of helping visualize what this particular case was about while also giving more context about the time frame it happened in.

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Storyboard Text

How It Started...

You need to buy a ticket for the whites only rail car.

I will. That way we can protest the unjust new laws.

You're not allowed to be here! Get off the rail car!

How It Started...

If you refuse you will be arrested!

Plessy v. Ferguson Court Case

It's separate but equal.

The 14th Amendment only applies to nation-wide laws not state-specific.

Maybe it is unjust...

It's not constitutional because of the 14th Amendment.

The Verdict

White Americans see themselves in a position of power, even if they are equal with others. The new laws are separate but not equal.

Facilities will be separate but equal.

The Effects...

Yeah because of the Jim Crow laws states are allowed to get away with leaving facilities for colored people in poor shape.

Woah this place looks so different from my school!

The Effects...

I just got my right to vote as a women and because of the color of my skin I still won't be able to?!

The Jim Crow laws are allowing such discrimination for African American voters!

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Plessy v. Ferguson Comic Strip Storyboard by 55123db7

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Storyboard Text How It Started... You need to buy a ticket for the whites only rail car. I will. That way we can protest the unjust new laws. You're not allowed to be here! Get off the rail car! How It Started... If you refuse you will be arrested! Plessy v.

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This 5 minute resource gives a detailed summary of the Indian Removal Act of everything a person should know about this topic.

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Trail of Tears History [Indian Removal Act]

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This source is phenomenal. The comprehensive map shown above shows the trail in a geographic sense. The webpage has numerous links to give the reader more information if needed.