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History

Islam's history is concerned with the Islamic civilization's political, social, economic, and cultural advancements. Most historians think that Islam began in Mecca and Medina around the beginning of the seventh century CE.Muslims see Islam as a return to the Abrahamic prophets' original beliefs, which included Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, as well as submission (Islm) to God's will.

According to tradition, in 610 CE, the Islamic prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations, calling for submission to one God, the expectation of the impending Last Judgement, and caring for the poor and needy. Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers (the aba) and was met with increasing opposition from Meccan notables.

With 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide, Islam is the world's second-largest religion after Christianity. Despite its older origins, experts generally date the birth of Islam to the seventh century, making it the most recent of the major global faiths. Islam began during the prophet Muhammad's lifetime in Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Today, the faith is quickly growing over the globe.

Islamic world, also called Islamdom, the complex of societies and cultures in which Muslims and their faith have been prevalent and socially dominant.

Adherence to Islam is a global phenomenon: Muslims predominate in some 30 to 40 countries, from the Atlantic eastward to the Pacific and along a belt that stretches across northern Africa into Central Asia and south to the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent. Arabs account for fewer than one-fifth of all Muslims, more than half of whom live east of Karachi, Pakistan. Despite the absence of large-scale Islamic political entities, the Islamic faith continues to expand, by some estimates faster than any other major religion.

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The Five Pillars are the core beliefs and practices of Islam:

1. Profession of Faith (shahada). The belief that "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God" is central to Islam. This phrase, written in Arabic, is often prominently featured in architecture and a range of objects, including the Qur'an, Islam's holy book of divine revelations. One becomes a Muslim by reciting this phrase with conviction.

2. Prayer (salat). Muslims pray facing Mecca five times a day: at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and after dark. Prayer includes a recitation of the opening chapter (sura) of the Qur'an, and is sometimes performed on a small rug or mat used expressly for this purpose (see image 24). Muslims can pray individually at any location (fig. 1) or together in a mosque, where a leader in prayer (imam) guides the congregation. Men gather in the mosque for the noonday prayer on Friday; women are welcome but not obliged to participate. After the prayer, a sermon focuses on a passage from the Qur'an, followed by prayers by the imam and a discussion of a particular religious topic.

3. Alms (zakat). In accordance with Islamic law, Muslims donate a fixed portion of their income to community members in need. Many rulers and wealthy Muslims build mosques, drinking fountains, hospitals, schools, and other institutions both as a religious duty and to secure the blessings associated with charity.

4. Fasting (sawm). During the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, all healthy adult Muslims are required to abstain from food and drink. Through this temporary deprivation, they renew their awareness of and gratitude for everything God has provided in their lives—including the Qur'an, which was first revealed during this month. During Ramadan they share the hunger and thirst of the needy as a reminder of the religious duty to help those less fortunate.

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These are some of the Popular Mosque :

Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque - Robert Byron once said that the city of Isfahan in Iran was beautiful enough to rival Athens and Rome, yet due to its geographical distance from the Western world, it is seldom explored. It is the location of the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque built between 1602 and 1619 during the reign of Shah Abbas I, an architectural masterpiece and a multi-functional space that is also home to royal caravanserai, baths, a royal mint and a hospital.

Aqsunqur Mosque - Dating back to the 14th century, the Aqsunqur Mosque stands proudly in the Egyptian capital, Cairo. Reflecting a clear Ottoman style, complete with typical Iznik tiles in the shapes of cypress trees and tulips in vases, the mosque also contains the mausoleums of its founder, Shams El-Din Aqsunqur, and his numerous sons.

Al Haram Mosque - Located in the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, the Sacred Mosque is perhaps one of the most prominent mosques in Islam as it is named by the Qur’an as the first house built for humanity’s worship of Allah. Not only is Al Haram the largest mosque in the world, but it is considered to be the holiest. Covering a colossal 400,800 square meters, it can accommodate up to four million people during Hajj, the annual Islamic pilgrimage and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims.

Al Aqsa Mosque - Situated in the UNESCO-listed Old City of Jerusalem, the Al Aqsa Mosque is a stunning structure that has been rebuilt several times throughout history due to repeatedly being hit by earthquakes. To this day, it remains the third holiest site in Islam for the belief that Muhammad was transported here from the Al Haram mosque in Mecca during the Night Journey, and then onto heaven. Every Friday, the building overflows with thousands of Muslim worshippers who make their prayers outside in the courtyards of the Noble Sanctuary.

Hassan II Mosque - The Hassan II Mosque is the largest in Morocco and the seventh largest in the world, occupying the Atlantic shoreline in Casablanca since 1993. Its minarets are the tallest in the world, at an epic 210 meters and are topped by a laser that shines a light towards Mecca. Inside, the walls are handcrafted out of smooth marble, and the glass floor allows visitors to gather a glimpse of the seabed in the main hall.

Blue Mosque - Making up an essential part of Istanbul’s skyline, the Blue Mosque boasts six needle-like minarets and is a must-see for anyone visiting the majestic city. It was built under the reign of the Ottoman ruler Ahmed I between 1609 and 1616 in a series of domes and half-domes. Alongside the beautifully arranged cascade of domes spilling down from the grand central dome, the ceiling gleams with 20,000 blue Iznik tiles featuring flowers, trees and abstract patterns.

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The word “Islam” means “submission to the will of God.”

Followers of Islam are called Muslims.

Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah.

Followers of Islam aim to live a life of complete submission to Allah. They believe that nothing can happen without Allah’s permission, but humans have free will.

Islam teaches that Allah’s word was revealed to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel.

Muslims believe several prophets were sent to teach Allah’s law.

They respect some of the same prophets as Jews and Christians, including Abraham, Moses, Noah, and Jesus. Muslims contend that

Muhammad was the final prophet.

Mosques are places where Muslims worship.

Some important Islamic holy places include the Kaaba shrine in Mecca, the Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem, and the Prophet Muhammad’s mosque in Medina.

The Quran (or Koran) is the major holy text of Islam. The Hadith is another important book. Muslims also revere some material found in the Judeo-Christian Bible.

Followers worship Allah by praying and reciting the Quran. They believe there will be a day of judgment, and life after death.

A central idea in Islam is “jihad,” which means “struggle.” While the term has been used negatively in mainstream culture, Muslims believe it refers to internal and external efforts to defend their faith. Although rare, this can include military jihad if a “just war” is needed

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The morality of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, in both his public and private lives has been criticized. Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of Islam's scriptures, both the Quran and the hadiths, have also been discussed by critics. Islam has also been viewed as a form of Arab imperialism, with figures from Africa and India criticizing it for what they see as the destruction of indigenous cultures.

Another point of contention is the issue of human rights in the Islamic world. Some commentators have made assimilationist arguments against Muslim immigration to the Western world, including the treatment of women, LGBT people, religious and ethnic minorities, as shown in Islamic law and practice. Assimilationist arguments have also been made in other countries where Muslims are a minority, such as China, India, and Russian