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Bezymianny ( Russian: Безымянный, meaning unnamed) is an active stratovolcano in Kamchatka, Russia. Bezymianny volcano had been considered extinct until 1955. Activity started in 1955, culminating in a dramatic eruption on 30 March 1956. This eruption, similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980, produced a large horseshoe-shaped crater that was formed by collapse of the summit and an associated lateral blast. Subsequent episodic but ongoing lava dome growth, accompanied by intermittent explosive activity and pyroclastic flows, has largely filled the 1956 crater. The most recent eruption of lava flows occurred in February 2013. An explosive eruption on 20 December 2017 released an ash plume rising to a height of 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) above sea level, which drifted for 320 kilometres (200 mi) NE.

The modern Bezymianny volcano, much smaller than its massive neighbors Kamen and Kliuchevskoi, was formed about 4700 years ago over a late- Pleistocene lava-dome complex and an ancestral volcano that was built between about 11,000-7000 years ago. There have been three periods of intensified activity in the past 3000 years.

Annotated view includes Ushkovsky, Tolbachik, Bezymianny, Zimina, and Udina. Oblique view taken on November 16, 2013 from ISS.[6] Bezymianny can be seen 2nd from the right. A small plume of "smoke" can be seen.

Natural-colour satellite image showing evidence of an eruption at the volcano.

1. ^ Gorshkov, G. S. (December 1959). "Gigantic eruption of the volcano bezymianny". Bulletin Volcanologique. 20 (1): 77-109. doi:10.1007/BF02596572.

2. Kirianov, Vladimir Yu. (1994) ^ Volcanic Ash in Kamchatka as a Source of Potential Hazard to Air Traffic in Casadevall, Thomas J. (editor) Volcanic ash and aviation safety; proceedings of the First international symposium on Volcanic ash and aviation safety, USGS Bulletin 2047, page 60. https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2047/report.pdf

3. ^ "VONA/KVERT Weekly Information Release 05-2013 - Kamchatkan and Northern Kuriles Volcanic Activity - January 31, 2013, 23:31 UTC (February 01, 2013, 11:31 KST)". Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team. 1 February 2013.

4. ^ Global Volcanism Program, 2017. Report on Bezymianny (Russia). In: Sennert, S K (ed.), Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 20 December-26 December 2017. Smithsonian Institution and US Geological Survey.

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Bezymianny ( Russian: Безымянный, meaning unnamed) is an active stratovolcano in Kamchatka, Russia. Bezymianny volcano had been considered extinct until 1955. Activity started in 1955, culminating in a dramatic eruption on 30 March 1956. This eruption, similar to that of Mount St.

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Into the Inferno | Official Trailer [HD] | Netflix

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Global Volcanism Program | Educational Resources | Types and Processes Gallery - Pyroclastic Fall

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Stratovolcanoes Shield Volcanoes Calderas Craters Fissure Vents Pyroclastic Cones Lava Domes Pyroclastic Fall Pyroclastic Flows Magma meets Water Submarine Eruptions Lava Flows Lahars (mud flows) Volcanic Landslides Geothermal Activity Volcano Monitoring Volcanoes and Humans Scoria Cone Videos Pyroclastic Fall Videos

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1/3/2019 - Mt Bezymianny, Kamen, Klyuchevskoy TimeLapse

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Huge Bezymianny volcanic eruption (footage)

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Steller's sea cow ( Hydrodamalis gigas) is an extinct sirenian described by Georg Wilhelm Steller in 1741. At that time, it was found only around the Commander Islands in the Bering Sea between Alaska and Russia; its range was more extensive during the Pleistocene epoch, and it is possible that the animal and humans previously interacted. Some 18th-century adults would have reached weights of 8-10 t (8.8-11.0 short tons) and lengths up to 9 m (30 ft).

It was a part of the order Sirenia and a member of the family Dugongidae, of which its closest living relative, the 3 m (9.8 ft) long dugong ( Dugong dugon), is the sole living member. It had a thicker layer of blubber than other members of the order, an adaptation to the cold waters of its environment. Its tail was forked, like that of whales or dugongs. Lacking true teeth, it had an array of white bristles on its upper lip and two keratinous plates within its mouth for chewing. It fed mainly on kelp, and communicated with sighs and snorting sounds. Evidence suggests it was a monogamous and social animal living in small family groups and raising its young, similar to modern sirenians.

Steller's sea cow was named after Georg Wilhelm Steller, who first encountered it on Vitus Bering's Great Northern Expedition when the crew became shipwrecked on Bering Island. Much of what is known about its behavior comes from Steller's observations on the island, documented in his posthumous publication On the Beasts of the Sea. Within 27 years of discovery by Europeans, the slow-moving and easily caught mammal was hunted into extinction for its meat, fat, and hide.

Steller's sea cows grew to be 8 to 9 m (26 to 30 ft) long as adults, much larger than extant sirenians. Georg Steller's writings contain two contradictory estimates of weight: 4 and 24.3 t (4.4 and 26.8 short tons). The true value is estimated to fall between these figures, at about 8-10 t (8.8-11.0 short tons). This size made the sea cow one of the largest mammals of the Holocene epoch, along with whales, and was likely an adaptation to reduce its surface area-to-volume ratio and conserve heat.

Unlike other sirenians, Steller's sea cow was positively buoyant, meaning that it was unable to completely submerge. It had a very thick outer skin, 2.5 cm (1 in), to prevent injury from sharp rocks and ice and possibly to prevent unsubmerged skin from drying out. The sea cow's blubber was 8-10 cm (3-4 in) thick, another adaptation to the frigid climate of the Bering Sea. Its skin was brownish-black, with white patches on some individuals. It was smooth along its back and rough on its sides, with crater-like depressions most likely caused by parasites. This rough texture led to the animal being nicknamed the "bark animal". Hair on its body was sparse, but the insides of the sea cow's flippers were covered in bristles. The fore limbs were roughly 67 cm (26 in) long, and the tail fluke was forked.

The sea cow's head was small and short in comparison to its huge body. The animal's upper lip was large and broad, extending so far beyond the lower jaw that the mouth appeared to be located underneath the skull. Unlike other sirenians, Steller's sea cow was toothless and instead had a dense array of interlacing white bristles on its upper lip. The bristles were about 3.8 cm (1.5 in) in length and were used to tear seaweed stalks and hold food. The sea cow also had two keratinous plates located on its palate and mandible, used for chewing. According to Steller, these plates (or "masticatory pads") were held together by interdental papillae, a part of the gums, and had many small holes containing nerves and arteries.

As with all sirenians, the sea cow's snout pointed downwards, which allowed it to better grasp kelp. The sea cow's nostrils were roughly 5 cm (2 in) long and wide. In addition to those within its mouth, the sea cow also had stiff bristles 10-12.7 cm (3.9-5.0 in) long protruding from its muzzle. Steller's sea cow had small eyes located halfway between its nostrils and ears with black irises, livid eyeballs, and canthi which were not externally visible. The animal had no eyelashes, but like other diving creatures such as sea otters, Steller's sea cow had a nictitating membrane, which covered its eyes to prevent injury while feeding. The tongue was small and remained in the back of the mouth, unable to reach the masticatory (chewing) pads.

The sea cow's spine is believed to have had seven cervical (neck), 17 thoracic, three lumbar, and 34 caudal (tail) vertebrae. Its ribs were large, with five of 17 pairs making contact with the sternum; it had no clavicles. As in all sirenians, the scapula of Steller's sea cow was fan-shaped, being larger on the posterior side and narrower towards the neck. The anterior border of the scapula was nearly straight, whereas those of modern sirenians are curved. Like other sirenians, the bones of Steller's sea cow were pachyosteosclerotic, meaning they were both bulky ( pachyostotic) and dense ( osteosclerotic). In all collected skeletons of the sea cow, the manus is missing; since -the sister taxon of Hydrodamalis-had reduced phalanges (finger bones), Steller's sea cow possibly did not have a manus at all.

The sea cow's heart was 16 kg (35 lb) in weight; its stomach measured 1.8 m (6 ft) long and 1.5 m (5 ft) wide. The full length of its intestinal tract was about 151 m (500 ft), equaling more than 20 times the animal's length. The sea cow had no gallbladder, but did have a wide common bile duct. Its anus was 10 cm (0.33 ft) in width, with its feces resembling those of horses. The male's penis was 80 cm (2.6 ft) long.

Whether Steller's sea cow had any natural predators is unknown. It may have been hunted by killer whales and sharks, though its buoyancy may have made it difficult for killer whales to drown, and the rocky kelp forests in which the sea cow lived may have deterred sharks. According to Steller, the adults guarded the young from predators.

Steller described an ectoparasite on the sea cows that was similar to the whale louse ( Cyamus ovalis), but the parasite remains unidentified due to the host's extinction and loss of all original specimens collected by Steller. It was first formally described as Sirenocyamus rhytinae in 1846 by Johann Friedrich von Brandt. It was the only species of cyamid amphipod to be reported inhabiting a sirenian. Steller also identified an endoparasite on the sea cows, which was likely an ascarid nematode.

Like other sirenians, Steller's sea cow was an obligate herbivore and spent most of the day feeding, only lifting its head every 4-5 minutes for breathing. Kelp was its main food source, making it an algivore. The sea cow likely fed on several species of kelp, which have been identified as spp., Alaria praelonga, Halosaccion glandiforme, Laminaria saccharina, Nereocyctis luetkeana, and Thalassiophyllum clathrus. Steller's sea cow only fed directly on the soft parts of the kelp, which caused the tougher stem and holdfast to wash up on the shore in heaps. The sea cow may have also fed on seagrass, but the plant was not common enough to support a viable population and could not have been the sea cow's primary food source. Further, the available seagrasses in the sea cow's range (Phyllospadix spp. and Zostera marina) may have grown too deep underwater or been too tough for the animal to consume. Since the sea cow floated, it likely fed on canopy kelp, as it is believed to have only had access to food no deeper than 1 m (3.3 ft) below the tide. Kelp releases a chemical deterrent to protect it from grazing, but canopy kelp releases a lower concentration of the chemical, allowing the sea cow to graze safely. Steller noted that the sea cow grew thin during the frigid winters, indicating a period of fasting due to low kelp growth. Fossils of Pleistocene Aleutian Island sea cow populations were larger than those from the Commander Islands, indicating that the growth of Commander Island sea cows may have been stunted due to a less favorable habitat and less food than the warmer Aleutian Islands.

Steller described the sea cow as being highly social ( gregarious). It lived in small family groups and helped injured members, and was also apparently monogamous. Steller's sea cow may have exhibited parental care, and the young were kept at the front of the herd for protection against predators. Steller reported that as a female was being captured, a group of other sea cows attacked the hunting boat by ramming and rocking it, and after the hunt, her mate followed the boat to shore, even after the captured animal had died. Mating season occurred in early spring and gestation took a little over a year, with calves likely delivered in autumn, as Steller observed a greater number of calves in autumn than at any other time of the year. Since female sea cows had only one set of mammary glands, they likely had one calf at a time.

The sea cow used its fore limbs for swimming, feeding, walking in shallow water, defending itself, and holding on to its partner during copulation. According to Steller, the fore limbs were also used to anchor the sea cow down to prevent it from being swept away by the strong nearshore waves. While grazing, the sea cow progressed slowly by moving its tail (fluke) from side to side; more rapid movement was achieved by strong vertical beating of the tail. They often slept on their backs after feeding. According to Steller, the sea cow was nearly mute and made only heavy breathing sounds, raspy snorting similar to a horse, and sighs.

Steller's sea cow was a member of the genus Hydrodamalis, a group of large sirenians, whose sister taxon was . Like those of Steller's sea cow, the ancestors of Dusisiren lived in tropical mangroves before adapting to the cold climates of the North Pacific. Hydrodamalis and Dusisiren are classified together in the subfamily Hydrodamalinae, which diverged from other sirenians around 4 to 8 mya. Steller's sea cow is a member of the family Dugongidae, the sole surviving member of which, and thus Steller's sea cow's closest living relative, is the dugong ( Dugong dugon).

Steller's sea cow was a direct descendant of the Cuesta sea cow ( H. cuestae), an extinct tropical sea cow that lived off the coast of western North America, particularly California. The Cuesta sea cow is thought to have become extinct due to the onset of the Quaternary glaciation and the subsequent cooling of the oceans. Many populations died out, but the lineage of Steller's sea cow was able to adapt to the colder temperatures. The Takikawa sea cow ( H. spissa) of Japan is thought of by some researchers to be a taxonomic synonym of the Cuesta sea cow, but based on a comparison of endocasts, the Takikawa and Steller's sea cows are more derived than the Cuesta sea cow. This has led some to believe that the Takikawa sea cow is its own species. The evolution of the genus Hydrodamalis was characterized by increased size, and a loss of teeth and phalanges, as a response to the onset of the Quaternary glaciation.

Steller's sea cow was discovered in 1741 by Georg Wilhelm Steller, and was named after him. Steller researched the wildlife of Bering Island while he was shipwrecked there for about a year; the animals on the island included relict populations of sea cows, sea otters, Steller sea lions, and northern fur seals. As the crew hunted the animals to survive, Steller described them in detail. Steller's account was included in his posthumous publication De bestiis marinis, or The Beasts of the Sea, which was published in 1751 by the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg. Zoologist Eberhard von Zimmermann formally described Steller's sea cow in 1780 as Manati gigas. Biologist Anders Jahan Retzius in 1794 put the sea cow in the new genus Hydrodamalis, with the specific name of stelleri, in honor of Steller. In 1811, naturalist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger reclassified Steller's sea cow into the genus Rytina, which many writers at the time adopted. The name Hydrodamalis gigas, the correct combinatio nova if a separate genus is recognised, was first used in 1895 by Theodore Sherman Palmer.

For decades after its discovery, no skeletal remains of a Steller's sea cow were discovered. This may have been due to rising and falling sea levels over the course of the Quaternary period, which could have left many sea cow bones hidden. The first bones of a Steller's sea cow were unearthed in about 1840, over 70 years after it was presumed extinct. The first partial sea cow skull was discovered in 1844 by Ilya Voznesensky while on the Commander Islands, and the first skeleton was discovered in 1855 on northern Bering Island. These specimens were sent to Saint Petersburg in 1857, and another nearly complete skeleton arrived in Moscow around 1860. Until recently, all the full skeletons were found during the 19th century, being the most productive period in terms of unearthed skeletal remains, from 1878 to 1883. During this time, 12 of the 22 skeletons having known dates of collection were discovered. Some authors did not believe possible the recovery of further significant skeletal material from the Commander Islands after this period, but a skeleton was found in 1983, and two zoologists collected about 90 bones in 1991. Only two to four skeletons of the sea cow exhibited in different museums of the world originate from a single individual. It is known that Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, Benedykt Dybowski, and Leonhard Hess Stejneger unearthed many skeletal remains from different individuals in the late 1800s, from which composite skeletons were assembled. As of 2006, 27 nearly complete skeletons and 62 complete skulls have been found, but most of them are assemblages of bones from two to 16 different individuals.

Sea cow bones are found regularly on the Commander Islands, but to find a full skeleton of the Steller's sea cow is an extremely rare event. However, in November 2017, during regular monitoring of the coastal line Marina Shitova, researchers of the Commander Islands Nature and Biosphere Reserve found a new skeleton of this animal. The skeleton was at a depth of 70 centimeters (28 in) and consisted of 45 spinal bones, 27 ribs, a left shoulder blade, shoulder and forearm bones and several wrist bones. There was no skull, cervical spine, first and second dorsal vertebrae, several caudal vertebrae, the right part of the pectoral arch, or metacarpus and phalangeal bones of the left limb. The total length of the skeleton was 5.2 meters (17 ft). Taking into account the length of the absent part of the spine and the head it was assumed that the animal was about 6 meters (20 ft) long. The last full skeleton of this animal (about 3 meters i.e. 9.8 ft long), was also found on Bering Island in 1987 and is now in the Aleutian Museum of Natural History at Nikolskoye.

The Pallas Picture is the only known drawing of Steller's sea cow believed to be from an actual specimen. It was published by Peter Simon Pallas in his 1840 work Icones ad Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica. Pallas did not specify a source; Stejneger suggested it may have been one of the original illustrations produced by Friedrich Plenisner, a member of Vitus Bering's crew as a painter and surveyor who drew a figure of a female sea cow on Steller's request. Most of Plenisner's depictions were lost during transit from Siberia to Saint Petersburg.

Another drawing of Steller's sea cow similar to the Pallas Picture appeared on a 1744 map drawn by Sven Waxell and Sofron Chitrow. The picture may have also been based upon a specimen, and was published in 1893 by Pekarski. The map depicted Vitus Bering's route during the Great Northern Expedition, and featured illustrations of Steller's sea cow and Steller's sea lion in the upper-left corner. The drawing contains some inaccurate features such as the inclusion of eyelids and fingers, leading to doubt that it was drawn from a specimen.

Johann Friedrich von Brandt, director of the Russian Academy of Sciences, had the "Ideal Image" drawn in 1846 based upon the Pallas Picture, and then the "Ideal Picture" in 1868 based upon collected skeletons. Two other possible drawings of Steller's sea cow were found in 1891 in Waxell's manuscript diary. There was a map depicting a sea cow, as well as a Steller sea lion and a northern fur seal. The sea cow was depicted with large eyes, a large head, claw-like hands, exaggerated folds on the body, and a tail fluke in perspective lying horizontally rather than vertically. The drawing may have been a distorted depiction of a juvenile, as the figure bears a resemblance to a manatee calf. Another similar image was found by Alexander von Middendorff in 1867 in the library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and is probably a copy of the Tsarskoye Selo Picture.

The range of Steller's sea cow at the time of its discovery was apparently restricted to the shallow seas around the Commander Islands, which include Bering and Copper Islands. The Commander Islands remained uninhabited until 1825 when the Russian-American Company relocated Aleuts from Attu Island and Atka Island there. The first fossils discovered outside the Commander Islands were found in interglacial Pleistocene deposits in Amchitka, and further fossils dating to the late Pleistocene were found in Monterey Bay, California, and Honshu, Japan. This suggests that the sea cow had a far more extensive range in prehistoric times. It cannot be excluded that these fossils belong to other Hydrodamalis species. The southernmost find is a Middle Pleistocene rib bone from the Bōsō Peninsula of Japan. The remains of three individuals were found preserved in the South Bight Formation of Amchitka; as late Pleistocene interglacial deposits are rare in the Aleutians, the discovery suggests that sea cows were abundant in that era. According to Steller, the sea cow often resided in the shallow, sandy shorelines and in the mouths of freshwater rivers.

Bone fragments and accounts by native Aleut people suggest that sea cows also historically inhabited the Near Islands, potentially with viable populations that were in contact with humans in the western Aleutian Islands prior to Steller's discovery in 1741. A sea cow rib discovered in 1998 on Kiska Island was dated to around 1,000 years old, and is now in the possession of the Burke Museum in Seattle. The dating may be skewed due to the marine reservoir effect which causes radiocarbon-dated marine specimens to appear several hundred years older than they are. Marine reservoir effect is caused by the large reserves of in the ocean, and it is more likely that the animal died between 1710 and 1785.

A 2004 study reported that sea cow bones discovered on Adak Island were around 1,700 years old, and sea cow bones discovered on Buldir Island were found to be around 1,600 years old. It is possible the bones were from cetaceans and were misclassified. Rib bones of a Steller's sea cow have also been found on St. Lawrence Island, and the specimen is thought to have lived between 800 and 920 CE.

Interactions with Europeans

Steller's sea cow was quickly wiped out by fur traders, seal hunters, and others who followed Vitus Bering's route past its habitat to Alaska. It was also hunted to collect its valuable subcutaneous fat. The animal was hunted and used by Ivan Krassilnikov in 1754 and Ivan Korovin 1762, but Dimitri Bragin in 1772 and others later did not see it. Brandt thus concluded that by 1768, twenty-seven years after it had been discovered by Europeans, the species was extinct. In 1887 Stejneger estimated that there had been fewer than 1,500 individuals remaining at the time of Steller's discovery, and argued there was already an immediate danger of the sea cow's extinction.

The first attempt to hunt the animal by Steller and the other crew members was unsuccessful due to its strength and thick hide. They had attempted to impale it and haul it to shore using a large hook and heavy cable, but the crew could not pierce its skin. In a second attempt a month later a harpooner speared an animal, and men on shore hauled it in while others repeatedly stabbed it with bayonets. It was dragged into shallow waters, and the crew waited until the tide receded and it was beached to butcher it. After this, they were hunted with relative ease, the challenge being in hauling the animal back to shore. This bounty inspired maritime fur traders to detour to the Commander Islands and restock their food supplies during North Pacific expeditions.

Interaction with aboriginals

The presence of Steller's sea cows in the Aleutian Islands may have caused the Aleut people to migrate westward to hunt them. This possibly led to the sea cow's extinction in that area, assuming the animals survived in that region into the Holocene epoch, but there is no archaeological evidence.

It has also been argued that the decline of Steller's sea cow may have been an indirect effect of the harvesting of sea otters by the area's aboriginal people. With the otter population reduced, sea urchin population would have increased, in turn reducing the stock of kelp, its principal food. In historic times, though, aboriginal hunting had depleted sea otter populations only in localized areas, and as the sea cow would have been easy prey for aboriginal hunters, accessible populations may have been exterminated with or without simultaneous otter hunting. In any event, the range of the sea cow was limited to coastal areas off uninhabited islands by the time Bering arrived, and the animal was already endangered.

One factor potentially leading to extinction of Steller's sea cow, specifically off the coast of St. Lawrence Island, was the Siberian Yupik people who have inhabited St. Lawrence island for 2,000 years. They may have hunted the sea cows into extinction, as the natives have a dietary culture heavily dependent upon marine mammals. The onset of the Medieval Warm Period which reduced the availability of kelp may have also been the cause for their local extinction in that area.

Sea cow sightings have been reported after Brandt's official 1768 date of extinction. Lucien Turner, an American ethnologist and naturalist, said the natives of Attu Island reported that the sea cows survived into the 1800s, and were sometimes hunted.

In 1963 the official journal of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR published an article announcing a possible sighting. The previous year, the whaling ship Buran had reported a group of large marine mammals grazing on seaweed in shallow water off Kamchatka, in the Gulf of Anadyr. The crew reported seeing six of these animals ranging from 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 ft), with trunks and split lips. There have also been alleged sightings by local fishermen in the northern Kuril Islands, and around the Kamchatka and Chukchi peninsulas.

Steller's sea cow was described as being "tasty" by Steller; the meat was said to have a taste similar to corned beef, though it was tougher, redder, and needed to be cooked longer. The meat was abundant on the animal, and slow to spoil, perhaps due the high amount of salt in the animal's diet effectively curing it. The fat could be used for cooking and as an odorless lamp oil. The crew of the St. Peter drank the fat in cups and Steller described it as having a taste like almond oil. The thick, sweet milk of female sea cows could be drunk or made into butter, and the thick, leathery hide could be used to make clothing, such as shoes and belts, and large skin boats sometimes called baidarkas or umiaks.

Towards the end of the 19th century, bones and fossils from the extinct animal were valuable and often sold to museums at high prices. Most were collected during this time, limiting trade after 1900. Some are still sold commercially, as the highly dense cortical bone is well-suited for making items such as knife handles and decorative carvings. Because the sea cow is extinct, native artisan products made in Alaska from this "mermaid ivory" are legal to sell in the United States and do not fall under the jurisdiction of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which restrict the trade of marine mammal products. Although the distribution is legal, the sale of unfossilized bones is generally prohibited and trade in products made of the bones is regulated because some of the material is unlikely to be authentic and probably comes from arctic cetaceans.

The ethnographer Elizabeth Porfirevna Orlova, from the Russian Museum of Ethnography, was working on the Commander Island Aleuts from August to September 1961. Her research includes notes about a game of accuracy, called "kakan"-meaning "stones"-played with the bones of the Steller's sea cow. Kakan was usually played at home between adults during bad weather, at least during Orlova's fieldwork.

In the story The White Seal from The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling, which takes place in the Bering Sea, Kotick the rare white seal consults Sea Cow during his journey to find a new home.

Tales of a Sea Cow is a 2012 docufiction film by Icelandic-French artist Etienne de France about a fictional 2006 discovery of Steller's sea cows off the coast of Greenland. The film has been exhibited in art museums and universities in Europe.

Steller's sea cows appear in two books of poetry: Nach der Natur (1995) by Winfried Georg Sebald, and Species Evanescens (2009) by Russian poet Andrei Bronnikov. Bronnikov's book depicts the events of the Great Northern Expedition through the eyes of Steller; Sebald's book looks at the conflict between man and nature, including the extinction of Steller's sea cow.

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2. ^ Shoshani, J. (2005). "Hydrodamalis". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

3. ^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). "Hydrodamalis gigas". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

4. Palmer, Theodore S. (1895). "The Earliest Name for Steller's sea cow and Dugong". . 2 (40): 449-450. doi:10.1126/science.2.40.449-a. PMID 17759916.

5. ^ Marsh, Helene; O'Shea, Thomas J.; Reynolds III, John E. (2011). "Steller's sea cow: discovery, biology and exploitation of a relict giant sirenian". Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia: Dugongs and Manatees. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 18-35. ISBN 978-0-521-88828-8. OCLC 778803577.

6. Turvey, S. T.; Risley, C. L. (2006). "Modelling the extinction of Steller's sea cow". Biology Letters. 2 (1): 94-97. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0415. PMC . PMID 17148336.

7. ^ Whitmore Jr., Frank C.; Gard Jr., L. M. (1977). "Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) of Late Pleistocene Age from Amchitka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska" (PDF). Geological Survey Professional Paper. Professional Paper. 1036. doi:10.3133/pp1036.

8. ^ Mattioli, Stefano; Domning, Daryl P. (2006). "An Annotated List of Extant Skeletal Material of Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) (Sirenia: Dugongidae) from the Commander Islands". Aquatic Mammals. 32 (3): 273-288. doi:10.1578/AM.32.3.2006.273.

9. ^ Berta, Annalisa (2012). Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-520-27057-2. OCLC 757476446. Steller described the sea cow's blubber, 8-10 centimeters (3.1-3.9 in) thick, as...

10. ^ Berta, A.; Sumich, J. L.; Kovacs, K. M. (2015). "Sirenians". Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology (3rd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Academic Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-12-397002-2. OCLC 953575838. The skeleton of sirenians displays both pachyostosis and osteosclerosis...

11. ^ Takahashi, S.; Domning, D. P.; Saito, T. (1986). "Dusisiren dewana, n. sp. (Mammalia: Sirenia), a new ancestor of Steller's sea cow from the upper Miocene of Yamagata Prefecture, northeastern Japan" (PDF). Transactions and Proceedings of the Paleontological Society of Japan, New Series (141): 296-321. ...the phalanges were even more reduced, and possibly even completely lost, in Steller's sea cow.

12. ^ Carlton, J. T.; Geller, J. B.; Reaka-Kudla, M. L.; Norse, E. A. (1999). "Historical Extinctions in the Sea" (PDF). Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 30: 523. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.515. JSTOR 221694. Syrenocyamus rhytinae was recorded from the Steller's Sea Cow...cyamid amphipods are known only from whales and dolphins, and have never (since Steller) been recorded in sirenians.

13. ^ Springer, M.; Signore, A. V.; Paijmans, J. L. A.; Vélez-Juarbe, J.; Domning, D. P.; Bauer, C. E.; He, K.; Crerar, L.; Campos, P. F.; Murphy, W. J.; Meredith, R. W.; Gatesy, J.; Willerslev, E.; MacPhee, R. D.; Hofreiter, M.; Campbell, K. L. (2015). "Interordinal gene capture, the phylogenetic position of Steller's sea cow based on molecular and morphological data, and the macroevolutionary history of Sirenia". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 91 (10): 178-193. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.022. PMID 26050523.

14. Furusawa, Hitoshi (2004). "A phylogeny of the North Pacific Sirenia (Dugongidae: Hydrodamalinae) based on a comparative study of endocranial casts". Paleontological Research. 8 (2): 91-98. doi:10.2517/prpsj.8.91.

15. ^ Domning, D. P. (1978). Sirenian evolution in the North Pacific Ocean. 118. Berkeley, California: University of California Publications in Geological Sciences. pp. 1-176. ISBN 978-0-520-09581-6. OCLC 895212825.

16. ^ Rainey, W. E.; Lowenstein, J. M.; Sarich, V. M.; Magor, D. M. (1984). "Sirenian molecular systematics-including the extinct Steller's sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)". Naturwissenschaften. 71 (11): 586-588. Bibcode:1984NW.....71..586R. doi:10.1007/BF01189187. PMID 6521758.

17. Domning, Daryl P. (1978). "An Ecological Model for Late Tertiary Sirenian Evolution in the North Pacific Ocean". Systematic Zoology. 25 (4): 352-362. doi:10.2307/2412510. JSTOR 2412510.

18. Frost, Orcutt William (2003). "Shipwreck and Survival". Bering: The Russian Discovery of America. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 262-264. ISBN 978-0-300-10059-4. OCLC 851981991.

19. ^ Derbeneva, Olga A.; Sukernik, Rem I.; Volodko, Natalia V.; Hosseini, Seyed H.; Lott, Marie T.; Wallace, Douglas C. (2002). "Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in the Aleuts of the Commander Islands and Its Implications for the Genetic History of Beringia". American Journal of Human Genetics. 71 (2): 415-421. doi:10.1086/341720. PMC . PMID 12082644. In 1825-1826, the Russian-American company transferred Aleut families from Attu Island, the westernmost of the Aleutian chain, as well as from Atka/Andreyanov Islands, to the Commanders

20. ^ Furusawa, H.; Kohno, N. (1994). "Steller's sea-cow (Sirenia: Hydrodamalis gigas) from the Middle Pleistocene Mandano Formation of the Boso Peninsula, central Japan". Japanese Paleontological Society (in Japanese). 56. doi:10.14825/kaseki.56.0_26.

21. ^ Corbett, D. G.; Causey, D.; Clemente, M.; Koch, P. L.; Doroff, A.; Lefavre, C.; West, D. (2008). "Aleut Hunters, Sea Otters, and Sea Cows". Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems. University of California Press. pp. 43-76. ISBN 978-0-520-93429-0. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pphh3. OCLC 929645577.

22. ^ Savinetsky, A. B.; Kiseleva, N. K.; Khassanov, B. F. (2004). "Dynamics of sea mammaland bird populations of the Bering Sea region over the last several millennia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 209 (1-4): 335-352. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.009.

23. ^ Haycox, Stephen W. (2002). Alaska: An American Colony. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 55, 144. ISBN 978-0-295-98249-6. OCLC 49225731. Each year, one or more vessels left Okhotsk or Petropavlosk on Kamchatka for hunting trips to the [Aleutian] islands. Typically, the ships would sail to the Commander Islands, where they would spend some time slaughtering and preserving the mat of Steller's rhytina (a sea cow)...

24. ^ Jones, Ryan T. (September 2011). "A 'Havock Made among Them': Animals, Empire, and Extinction in the Russian North Pacific, 1741-1810". Environmental History. 16 (4): 585-609. doi:10.1093/envhis/emr091. JSTOR 23049853.

25. ^ Berzin, A. A.; Tikhomirov, E. A.; Troinin, V. I. (2007) [1963]. Translated by Ricker, W. E. "Ischezla li Stellerova korova?" [Was Steller's sea cow exterminated?] (PDF). Priroda. 52 (8): 73-75.

26. ^ Littlepage, Dean. Steller's Island: Adventures of a Pioneer Naturalist in Alaska.

27. ^ Crerar, L. D.; Freeman, E. W.; Domning, D. P.; Parsons, E. C. M. (2017). "Illegal Trade of Marine Mammal Bone Exposed: Simple Test Identifies Bones of 'Mermaid Ivory' or Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas)". Frontiers in Marine Science. 3 (272). doi:10.3389/fmars.2016.00272.

28. ^ Korsun, S. A. (2013). "Fieldwork on the Commander Islands Aleuts" (PDF). Alaska Journal of Anthropology. 11 (1-2): 169-181.

29. ^ "Etienne de France, 'Tales of a Sea Cow' - Exhibition at Parco Arte Vivente, Torino, Italy". alan-shapiro.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02.

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Steller's sea cow ( Hydrodamalis gigas) is an extinct sirenian described by Georg Wilhelm Steller in 1741. At that time, it was found only around the Commander Islands in the Bering Sea between Alaska and Russia; its range was more extensive during the Pleistocene epoch, and it is possible that the animal and humans previously interacted.

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The quick disappearance of the 30-foot animal helped to usher in the modern science of human-caused extinctions.

Wikimedia Commons

The Pleistocene, the geologic era immediately preceding our own, was an age of giants. North America was home to mastodons and saber-tooth cats; mammoths and wooly rhinos roamed Eurasia; giant lizards and bear-sized wombats strode across the Australian outback. Most of these giants died at the by the end of the last Ice Age, some 14,000 years ago. Whether this wave of extinctions was caused by climate change, overhunting by humans, or some combination of both remains a subject of intense debate among scientists.

Complicating the picture, though, is the fact that a few Pleistocene giants survived the Quaternary extinction event and nearly made it intact to the present. Most of these survivor species found refuge on islands. Giant sloths were still living on Cuba 6,000 years ago, long after their relatives on the mainland had died out. The last wooly mammoths died out just 4,000 years ago. They lived in a small herd on Wrangel Island north of the Bering Strait between the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas. Two-thousand years ago, gorilla-sized lemurs were still living on Madagascar. A thousand years ago, 12-foot-tall moa birds were still foraging in the forests of New Zealand.

Unlike the other long-lived megafauna, Steller's sea cows, one of the last of the Pleistocene survivors to die out, found their refuge in a remote scrape of the ocean instead of on land. The sea cows were relatives of the manatee and dugong. Unlike those two species, they were adapted to living in frigid Arctic waters. They were also much larger, growing to be as long as 30 feet from tail to snout, versus 10 for a manatee. Before the Ice Age, they seem to have been ubiquitous along the edge of the Pacific, living everywhere from Japan to the Baja Peninsula. By the 18th century, when they were first made known to Western science, the sea cows were confined to waters surrounding two tiny Arctic Islands in the Commander Chain, in between the Aleutians and the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The sea cows were first described by the German naturalist Georg Steller in the 18th century. Steller was part of an expedition organized led by the Danish explorer Vitus Bering. Financed by the Imperial Russian government, its mission was to chart the waters between Siberia and North America, and find a workable route between the two if possible.

The expedition set sail from Kamchatka in June of 1741. A few weeks later, they had reached Alaska. Bering allowed Steller a single day to search for new species. In that brief time, his only visit to the North American continent, Steller managed to name several species of bird, including Steller's Jay, ubiquitous in the hills behind my Berkeley apartment. By the beginning of winter, the two ships that made up the expedition had become separated, two landing parties had vanished, and so many sailors on Bering's flagship had scurvy that they could barely man the sails.

In November, the St. Peter ran aground on an uninhabited island. Many of members of the expedition thought that it was attached to the Siberian mainland and that they would eventually be able to walk to safety, but they were soon proven wrong. A short time after reaching land, the ship broke apart in a storm, and the captain died of scurvy. Steller, who knew how to combat the Vitamin C-deficiency by foraging for herbs, was one of the few crew members still in good health.

Steller quickly realized that the landmass they were on was an island, and one that likely had never been visited by human beings before. Everywhere he went, he was followed by foxes, which showed no fear but eagerly stole any implements or food they could grab in their jaws. One day, walking along the beach searching for firewood, he saw a huge, black shape moving slowly about in the shallows like an overturned boat. Every few minutes a snout would surface for a moment and draw breath with a noise like a horse's snort. This was the sea cow, seen by the human eyes for the first time in thousands of years. Steller was shocked to realize that this creature was a type of manatee, thousands of miles from its nearest relatives in the tropics. He describes the sea cows as gentle giants, whose only real defense against being harpooned was their incredibly thick hides. He also notes that they seem to have been unusually loyal to one another, which proved to be more of a liability than an asset when the Russians began hunting them for food. They had, in his words, "an uncommon love for one another, which even extended so far that, when one of them was hooked, all the others were intent upon saving him." When the Russians harpooned one of the sea cows, others would come to its defense, making a circle around their wounded comrade. When they killed a female, they were astonished to see its mate visit the beach where its body lay day after day, "as if he would inform himself about her condition."

Weighing close to 10 tons, a single sea cow could feed the surviving crew of the St. Peter for a month. Steller writes that its meat was delicious-far superior to the sea otter they had grown accustomed to eating. He compares the sea cows' fat to the best Holland butter, and says that it tasted of almond oil when boiled down. While still marooned on what would come to be called Bering Island, Steller already envisioned a future in which the fur trade would flourish in this desolate spot, with Russian hunters amply provisioned by what he thought was a nearly inexhaustible supply of sea-cow meat. The waters around the island were also teeming with sea otters, whose pelts could be sold at a tremendous mark-up to the Chinese market.

Steller shared the belief of most 18th-century naturalists that the sea was inexhaustible, and extinction impossible. He would swiftly be proven wrong. Archaeologists now estimate that it took about a hundred years for the giant moa birds to go extinct after the Maori landed on New Zealand. Steller's sea cows survived just 27. The last sea cow seen in the wild was spotted by fur hunters in 1768.

The apparent disappearance of Steller's sea cow helped persuade European biologists that extinction was possible (at the time, the dodo was thought to be still alive, or imaginary). In 1812, the German scientist Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff listed it among the beings "lost from the animal kingdom," along with the mammoth and the "carnivorous elephant of Ohio."

According to the environmental historian Ryan Tucker Jones, the disappearance of the sea cow helped to usher in the modern science of extinction. It may also by the key for understanding how vanished ecosystems functioned, and how the overhunting of one species can lead to the extinction of another. Recently, a team of marine ecologists led by James Estes of the University of California, Santa Cruz have argued that Steller's sea cows provide a possible "Rosetta Stone" for how megafauna extinctions might have played out in prehistory.

Drawing on old archival data and using mathematical simulations to model community interactions, Estes and his co-authors argue that the sea cows weren't hunted to extinction. Rather, their disappearance was a byproduct of the overexploitation of sea otters of Russian and Aleut hunters.

Sea cows were obligate algivores. That means they ate seaweed-mostly kelp-and nothing else. Sea otters also thrive in kelp forests, but their main source of food are sea urchins, which also eat kelp.

When sea otters are absent, the urchins go wild. With no predators to limit their numbers, the urchins spread across the ocean floor like a wave of algae-munching tribbles, creating kelp-free dead zones wherever they go. Estes and his colleagues estimate that the decline in the number of sea otters around the Commander Islands happened so swiftly that it could have rippled through the ecosystem in just three decades, leaving the sea cows with nothing to eat and nowhere to go. In other words, the sea cows weren't murdered; they were collateral victims in a separate crime.

The swift demise of the sea cows is a reminder that the giants of the Ice Age didn't live alone. They were parts of complex ecologies that have now vanished, intricate webs connecting herbivores to plant communities, and predators to prey. Trophic cascades, in which the elimination of one species leads to a chain reaction that reshapes a whole habitat, have been implicated in the disappearance of a few animals besides the sea cow. Haast's Eagle-the largest to have ever existed-vanished from New Zealand along with its prey, the giant moa. The decline of the California condor has likewise been linked to the loss of the megafauna carcasses it fed on before the end of the last Ice Age. These are two examples, but there may have been more.

Paleo-ecologists have spent decades trying to reconstruct and unravel these relationships, but we still don't understand all the ways the world in which we live in is impoverished by their disappearance. It's clear that certain species-like the otter in the Commander Islands, or the mammoth in the now-vanished grasslands of the Arctic (the so-called "mammoth steppe")-played a crucial role in maintaining the balance of their respective ecosystem. But just how bad the damage from losing one of these keystone species could be is still uncertain.

Thanks to Steller, the demise of the sea cow was one of the very few megafauna extinctions for which we have eyewitness testimony. His own fate was rather tragic in its way as well.

He wrote up his notes from the voyage in a thick Latin volume titled On the Beast of the Sea, but he never made it home to see it published. He died of fever outside the Siberian town of Tyumen. After he was buried, grave robbers broke into his tomb to steal his fine red cloak. Wolves ate his eyes. He lives on in the names of his eponymous Jay, a species of sea duck, a sea eagle, a sea lion, and of course, the long-vanished sea cow. They are known to us now only in the form of a handful of skeletons and in the words of Steller's description in which they appear forever the same: placid, loyal, and delicious.

We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.

Jacob Mikanowski is a writer based in Berkeley. His work has appeared in Aeon, Pacific Standard, and The New Yorker.

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The Giant Sea Mammal That Went Extinct in Less Than Three Decades

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The quick disappearance of the 30-foot animal helped to usher in the modern science of human-caused extinctions. The Pleistocene, the geologic era immediately preceding our own, was an age of giants. North America was home to mastodons and saber-tooth cats; mammoths and wooly rhinos roamed Eurasia; giant lizards and bear-sized wombats strode across the Australian outback.

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PBS Nature - The Volcano Watchers - 1987

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Jochelson - The Koryak

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Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History
The Memoirs, published at irregular intervals, but often out of chronological sequence, from 1893 until 1930, were monographic works focusing on scientific topics requiring exhaustive treatment. Henry Fairfield Osborn suggested the series in 1892. Ten volumes of the Memoirs comprise the results of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, which was led by Franz Boas and was the first landmark research project of the AMNH Division of Anthropology.

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The Koryak. Memoirs of the AMNH ; v. 10, pt.1-2; Publications of the Jesup North Pacific Expedition ; v. 6.

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Full-text is provided in Portable Document Format (PDF). To view articles you must have the free Adobe Acrobat Reader. Click here to download the latest version. The .epub version displays best on an iPad, but may work on other devices that accept .epub format.

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Vampire Shamans of Northern Kamchatka

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Description

Opisanie zemli Kamchatki (Description of the land of Kamchatka) is a two-volume work on the cultural and natural heritage of the Kamchatka Peninsula written by the explorer and naturalist Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1713-55) and published in the year of his death. The Russians began exploring what became known as the Russian Far East in the time of Peter the Great (1672-1725). Cossacks reached the Kuril Islands in 1713, and in 1725 Vitus Bering began his first expedition. In 1728, during this trip, he discovered the strait separating Asia from North America that today bears his name. Peter's successors funded additional expeditions to Siberia, the Russian Far East and Alaska, including the Great Northern Expedition of 1733-43. The Second Kamchatka Expedition, which included Bering's second and successful voyage to Alaska in 1741, was a part of this larger scientific mission. The book's author, Krasheninnikov, was a young Russian natural scientist and geographer who participated in the Second Kamchatka Expedition. He went ahead of the other scientists on the journey to Kamchatka, where he became a meticulous observer of the local flora and fauna as well as of the cultures and languages of the native peoples of the peninsula, the Koryaks and Itel'men. Krasheninnikov's book became the first published monograph devoted exclusively to Kamchatka. Krasheninnikov benefitted from the scholarship of the more famous German specialists on the expedition, including Georg Wilhelm Steller, Gerhard Friedrich Müller, and Johann Georg Gmelin, but he made many observations that were new to the scientific literature, which made this book a scientific classic. The two volumes contain numerous illustrations of natural and cultural scenes, including the towering active volcanoes of Kamchatka, of significant ports and Russian fortresses along the coast, and of the customs and activities of native peoples and the variegated landscape. This work also covers areas neighboring Kamchatka, including the Kurile Islands and the far western reaches of the Aleutian Islands and parts of North America. The book includes maps of Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands and nearby parts of Eastern Siberia, and it contains a brief and informal dictionary of key Russian terms in the native languages of Kamchatka as well as an index. Krasheninnikov was born in Moscow to a family of humble origins. In 1734, after his expeditions, he returned to Saint Petersburg, where he was named professor of botany and eventually was elected to the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Opisanie zemli Kamchatki (Description of the land of Kamchatka) is a two-volume work on the cultural and natural heritage of the Kamchatka Peninsula written by the explorer and naturalist Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1713-55) and published in the year of his death.

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Volcanoes & Myths by Victoria Petrasheva & Victor Vasilievich

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obvious connection with siberian shamanism, but also in a contemporary setting. i somehow associate this atmosphere with the idea to shoot in the bar, maybe because i have thought to do a performance in the bar

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Marcus Coates - Journey to the Lower World

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to my mind one of the best films of all time. incredibly sensuous. i want the film to have something of this connection with myth & the sacred and its visual sumptuousness

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The Color of Pomegranates - A Cor da Romã (1968, Sergei Parajanov) [EN-PT-BR] (HD)

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archival footage & 16mm
installation of ever changing combinations
relevant for sea monster vibes + film installation, also excellent score

'This work is presented in constantly changing combinations of sound and imagery; even if left to run indefinitely, it would unlikely exhaust all possible permutations.'

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We Account The Whale Immortal -- Exhibition at Somerset House East Wing -- 01 JULY - 02 OCTOBER 2016

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by Jessica Sarah Rinland, Philip Hoare, Edward Sugden

24 minutes, 3 screen Installation, 16mm digitised, Video

This work is presented in constantly changing combinations of sound and imagery; even if left to run indefinitely, it would unlikely exhaust all possible permutations.

Voiceover: Helen Mort, Peter Blegvad, Richard Sabin
Sound Creation: Philippe Ciompi 
Technologist: Rob Prouse


Additional content:
Mariano Sironi - Instituto de Conservación de Ballenas/Ocean Alliance (Right Whale, 2015)
Martin Rosenbaum (Thames Whale, 2006)
Stephen Grimes (Art from John Huston’s Moby-Dick, 1956)

Thanks to:
The Elephant Trust; Natural History Museum; The Royal Society; Hunterian Museum, Royal College of Surgeons; Burton Constable; The Creative Seed Fund, Department of English, King’s College London; Kingston University; British Pathé; Andrew Sutton; Jeroen Hoekendijk; Alina Reitz; Chris Watson; Analia and Sergio; Rob Deaville; Oona and Teresa Grimes



Installation:
https://www.kcl.ac.uk/cultural/Cultural-Institute/Utopia2016/Commissions/Whale.aspx

Performance:
https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/we-account-the-whale-immortal-performance-and-in-conversation-tickets-25482052505?aff=ebrowse

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The Haida world is a misty archipelago a hundred stormy miles off the coasts of British Columbia and Alaska. For a thousand years and more before the Europeans came, a great culture flourished in these islands. The masterworks of classical Haida sculpture, now enshrined in many of the world's great museums, range from exquisite tiny amulets to magnificent huge housepoles.

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end of the world, at the end of the world (pitch)

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The Itelmen Audio New Testament (IBT) is a unique presentation of the Audio Bible. For a list of other available languages go to our website at http://FaithComesByHearing.com. The mission of Faith Comes By Hearing is to bring His Church together and make disciples from every nation, tribe, language, and people: to give every person the opportunity to listen completely through the New Testament in their heart language.

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Ительменская Библия - Книга Луки (Non-театрализованных) - Itelmen Bible - Book of

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The Itelmen Audio New Testament (IBT) is a unique presentation of the Audio Bible. For a list of other available languages go to our website at http://FaithComesByHearing.com. The mission of Faith Comes By Hearing is to bring His Church together and make disciples from every nation, tribe, language, and people: to give every person the opportunity to listen completely through the New Testament in their heart language.

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Как живут камчатские "индейцы", почему они не боятся смерти и удобряют картошку корюшкой.

Если в Ковране, в сотнях километров от ближайшего аэропорта, есои и слышали что-то о коронавирусе и финансовом кризисе, то вряд ли заинтересовались - очень уж далеко все это от местных жителей-ительменов и их повседневных забот. Совсем скоро освободится ото льда река Ковран, начнется лов корюшки.

Ительмены не боятся смерти. Даже суицид они не осуждают, считая, что, когда жизнь перестает приносить радость, можно и вот так, самотеком совершить переход в лучший "верхний мир". А там уже ждут - любимые люди и верные собаки. Ищущий да увидит: этот исчезающий народ проживает отпущенный срок осмысленно, избегая давления обстоятельств и веря в свое предназначение.

...Сейчас у ительменов время корюшки, потом пойдут горбуша, нерка, кета, семга и кижуч. Их будут ловить почти все лето до середины сентября. Рыбу надо сушить, вялить, солить, коптить. Для собак - квасить, закладывать в специальные ямы, заваливать травами и землей и ждать, пока скиснет. Короткий срок, всего пара месяцев, отпущен на заготовку голубики, морошки, брусники, клюквы, шикши, лесных трав и кореньев - витаминов должно хватить на долгую зиму. Русские казаки когда-то научили ительменов выращивать картошку, капусту, морковь, свеклу и редис. Надо, чтобы все это успело взойти и созреть в рекордные сроки, поэтому на удобрениях экономить не принято: в землю, в обход рта, идет жирная, питательная для почвы корюшка.

Чтобы добраться из Москвы до Коврана - центрального села ительменов,- нужно восемь с половиной часов лететь до Петропавловска-Камчатского, потом еще десять трястись на машине до поселка Эссо, дальше - полтора часа вертолетом до Усть-Хайрюзово, там минут сорок пробираться на вездеходе по тундре или на машине с хорошей проходимостью ехать вдоль побережья Охотского моря. Желательно успеть по отливу, чтобы не смыло волной в море - такие случаи здесь бывали. Путешественник и фотограф Георгий Киселев и этнограф Андрей Карпенков, оба москвичи, уже много раз проделывали этот долгий и обременительный для кошельков путь. Когда-то они путешествовали по Камчатке, случайно попали в Ковран и все, как выражается Киселев, "подсели на местных".

"Первый раз мы приехали к ительменам лет 25 назад и сразу - на местный обрядовый праздник Алхалалалай. Во время него проходит танцевальный марафон - 15-16 часов дикой энергетики, непонятно, как вообще люди это выдерживают физически. Танцы в основном парные, и многие потом не расстаются, начинают жить вместе. Здесь очень красивые девушки - статные, страстные, все длинноволосые, так как ительмены верят, что в волосах сосредоточена женская сила,- рассказывает путешественник.- Для меня ительмены похожи на жевунов из сказки про волшебника Изумрудного города - такие же добрые, ранимые, наивные и этим притягивают". Георгий знает всех жителей села поименно, много лет фотографирует местный быт, на свои деньги провел несколько выставок в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге: "Продвигаю, как могу. Ительменов становится все меньше, уходит язык. Хочется, чтобы на фотографиях остались люди, для которых ительменский был языком общения".

Когда-то ительмены расселялись по всему полуострову - от мыса Лопатка до бухты Корфа. Сейчас их осталось 1,5-2 тысячи, а чистокровных, не смешавшихся с другими народами,- не больше трехсот человек. Живут они в основном в Ковране, еще в Петропавловске-Камчатском, селах Тигиль, Седанка, Усть-Хайрюзово и Мильково. В 60-х годах прошлого века археологи раскопали в этих местах наконечники стрел из вулканического обсидиана. По ним определили: предки ительменов, морские охотники, жили здесь уже 15 тысяч лет назад. Есть научная теория, что когда-то эти люди перешли по тонкому перешейку Берингов пролив, попали с Камчатки через Чукотку на Аляску и смешались с местными племенами. Так там появилось новое индейское племя - тлинкиты. У ительменов и тлинкитов очень много общего в языке, культуре, обрядах, традициях. А по другой версии, это как раз индейцы перешли на Камчатку и положили начало народу ительменов. Священная птица ворон Кутх тоже одна на двоих.

Георгий Киселев убежден, что ительменам все же сопутствует некая историческая удача: "Мало кому из северных коренных народов так повезло. В середине XVIII века культуру и быт ительменов во время путешествия по Камчатке подробно описали сразу два исследователя: немецкий - Георг Вильгельм Стеллер и русский - Степан Петрович Крашенинников. В 80-е годы прошлого века многие утерянные в советское время обряды удалось восстановить именно по их книгам". Много позже человеческий фактор удачно вмешался в судьбу ительменов и в лице дяди Бори - легендарного здесь Бориса Жиркова, шамана, руководителя национального ительменского ансамбля "Эльвель", с которым он объехал полмира. Жители поселка рассказывают, что авторитет Жиркова, умершего несколько лет назад, был столь высок, что однажды власти Петропавловска-Камчатского выделили из городского бюджета немалую, по местным меркам, сумму - 300 тысяч рублей, чтобы срочно поставить захворавшего шамана на ноги и привезти на праздник Алхалалалай. Сейчас, кстати, постоянного шамана в селе нет, его функции поручают москвичу Андрею Карпенкову, когда тот приезжает. В общем-то, повезло ительменам и с известным на Камчатке композитором-самоучкой Анатолием Левковским, который так вжился в этнос, что многие его песни без лишних условностей уже считают народными.

Жизнь ительменов, как и их нрав, и сегодня во многом определяют традиции. Современные ительмены, как и их предки, строят семью и заводят детей только по любви. А если чувство пошло на спад, есть повод искать новые отношения. Четыре-пять браков для местных жителей не редкость, и мужчина, принимая женщину, соглашается взять на себя и заботу о ее детях.

О притягательности здешних женихов и невест ходят легенды. В Ковране любят рассказывать, как еще в перестроечные времена из Москвы приехала с какой-то рабочей проверкой молодая девушка Наталья Богачева. За несколько дней командировки успела влюбиться в местного парня, решительно рассталась со столичной жизнью, стала Сысоевой. Хотя брак давно распался, Наталья Михайловна приезжает в эти места, а о своей великой любви написала роман "Танец волка". Татьяна Дегай тоже здешняя знаменитость. Молодая, красивая, талантливая танцовщица, умница - защитила докторскую диссертацию в Университете Аризоны в США. Могла там и остаться, как поступили бы почти все ее ровесницы. Но нет, не захотела, вернулась в Ковран, вышла замуж.

Ительмены верят, что каждый год на их главный праздник Алхалалалай в честь окончания летних трудов и в преддверии длинной, суровой зимы прилетает священный ворон Кутх. Он осеняет своими крылами влюбленные пары, у них скоро появятся дети. Тоже ительмены, как многие до и после.
Источник - Коммерсант Фото, видео обряда Праздника корюшки (2019 год) - Ася Уськова

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Ительмены удачи.

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Как живут камчатские "индейцы", почему они не боятся смерти и удобряют картошку корюшкой. Если в Ковране, в сотнях километров от ближайшего аэропорта, есои и слышали что-то о коронавирусе и финансовом кризисе, то вряд ли заинтересовались - очень уж далеко все это от местных жителей-ительменов и их повседневных забот.

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Если в Ковране, в сотнях километров от ближайшего аэропорта, есои и слышали что-то о коронавирусе и финансовом кризисе, то вряд ли заинтересовались - очень уж далеко все это от местных жителей-ительменов и их повседневных забот. Совсем скоро освободится ото льда река Ковран, начнется лов корюшки.

Текст: Ирина Бейден. Фото: Георгий Киселев, Камчатский край

Ительмены не боятся смерти. Даже суицид они не осуждают, считая, что, когда жизнь перестает приносить радость, можно и вот так, самотеком совершить переход в лучший "верхний мир". А там уже ждут - любимые люди и верные собаки. Ищущий да увидит: этот исчезающий народ проживает отпущенный срок осмысленно, избегая давления обстоятельств и веря в свое предназначение.

...Сейчас у ительменов время корюшки, потом пойдут горбуша, нерка, кета, семга и кижуч. Их будут ловить почти все лето до середины сентября. Рыбу надо сушить, вялить, солить, коптить. Для собак - квасить, закладывать в специальные ямы, заваливать травами и землей и ждать, пока скиснет. Короткий срок, всего пара месяцев, отпущен на заготовку голубики, морошки, брусники, клюквы, шикши, лесных трав и кореньев - витаминов должно хватить на долгую зиму. Русские казаки когда-то научили ительменов выращивать картошку, капусту, морковь, свеклу и редис. Надо, чтобы все это успело взойти и созреть в рекордные сроки, поэтому на удобрениях экономить не принято: в землю, в обход рта, идет жирная, питательная для почвы корюшка.

Чтобы добраться из Москвы до Коврана - центрального села ительменов,- нужно восемь с половиной часов лететь до Петропавловска-Камчатского, потом еще десять трястись на машине до поселка Эссо, дальше - полтора часа вертолетом до Усть-Хайрюзово, там минут сорок пробираться на вездеходе по тундре или на машине с хорошей проходимостью ехать вдоль побережья Охотского моря. Желательно успеть по отливу, чтобы не смыло волной в море - такие случаи здесь бывали. Путешественник и фотограф Георгий Киселев и этнограф Андрей Карпенков, оба москвичи, уже много раз проделывали этот долгий и обременительный для кошельков путь. Когда-то они путешествовали по Камчатке, случайно попали в Ковран и все, как выражается Киселев, "подсели на местных".

"Первый раз мы приехали к ительменам лет 25 назад и сразу - на местный обрядовый праздник Алхалалалай. Во время него проходит танцевальный марафон - 15-16 часов дикой энергетики, непонятно, как вообще люди это выдерживают физически. Танцы в основном парные, и многие потом не расстаются, начинают жить вместе. Здесь очень красивые девушки - статные, страстные, все длинноволосые, так как ительмены верят, что в волосах сосредоточена женская сила,- рассказывает путешественник.- Для меня ительмены похожи на жевунов из сказки про волшебника Изумрудного города - такие же добрые, ранимые, наивные и этим притягивают". Георгий знает всех жителей села поименно, много лет фотографирует местный быт, на свои деньги провел несколько выставок в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге: "Продвигаю, как могу. Ительменов становится все меньше, уходит язык. Хочется, чтобы на фотографиях остались люди, для которых ительменский был языком общения".

На фото: чавыча - самая крупная рыба из лососевых

Фото: Коммерсантъ / Георгий Киселев

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коронавирусе

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заинтересовались

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жителей-ительменов

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повседневных

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Ительмены удачи

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Если в Ковране, в сотнях километров от ближайшего аэропорта, есои и слышали что-то о коронавирусе и финансовом кризисе, то вряд ли заинтересовались - очень уж далеко все это от местных жителей-ительменов и их повседневных забот. Совсем скоро освободится ото льда река Ковран, начнется лов корюшки.

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Блудный сын (на ительменском языке)

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Itelmens, the River, Fish - Ительмены, река, рыба

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запись в онлайн-школу страны языков

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команда Страны языков (сайт http://stranayaz.ru/, группа вконтакте https://vk.com/stranayaz, facebook https://www.facebook.com/groups/1079998362339026, телеграм https://t.me/stranayaz) объявляет набор на 2020-2021 учебный год. Мы хотим обмениваться опытом в области оживления, развития родных (миноритарных) языков (России), выучивать вместе языки России.

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Корякский центр народного творчества

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Счёт на ительменском языке

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The Itelmen, sometimes known as Kamchadal, are an ethnic group who are the original inhabitants living on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. The Itelmen language (ethnonym: Itelmen) is distantly related to Chukchi and Koryak, forming the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family, but it is now virtually extinct, the vast majority of ethnic Itelmens being native speakers of Russian.

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The Itelmen, sometimes known as Kamchadal, are an ethnic group who are the original inhabitants living on the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia. The Itelmen language (ethnonym: Itelmen) is distantly related to Chukchi and Koryak, forming the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family, but it is now virtually extinct, the vast majority of ethnic Itelmens being native speakers of Russian.

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For centuries, the magnificent, frozen land of the Koryak Okrug on the Kamchatka peninsula was the home of the Itelmen. Nowadays, the Itelmen communities are gone and the language is rarely spoken. In this film, director Liivo Niglas follows two men returning to the habitat of their ancestors. As the two Itelmen once more travel......

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For centuries, the magnificent, frozen land of the Koryak Okrug on the Kamchatka peninsula was the home of the Itelmen. Nowadays, the Itelmen communities are gone and the language is rarely spoken. In this film, director Liivo Niglas follows two men returning to the habitat of their ancestors.

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Small indigenous peoples of the North in the Bystrinsky District and Bystrinsky Nature Park

Small indigenous peoples of the North, living in Bystrinsky Nature Park, and the fact that some of them still practice traditional lifestyle - they fish, hunt and breed reindeer - is what makes this nature park special among the others in Kamchatka..

This Nature Park takes up more than half of the territory of Bystrinsky District. The territory of the contemporary Bystrinsky District has existed as an independent administrative area since 1926, when Bystrinsky Lamut Ethnic district was first formed. It was ethnicity that was the foundation for forming this district, uniting ethnically homogenous people with the area traditionally inhabited by them. Even before the district was formed, natural resources here had been used by the locals traditionally, mainly for nomadic reindeer breeding on pastures, hunting and fishing. Bystrinsky District in Kamchatka was defined as the territory historically inhabited by the Even `people.

As of today the population of the district is 2467 people (data was updated in 2013), most people live in two villages, named Esso and Anavgai. About half of these people belong to indigenous peoples of the North. Evens make up the biggest group among them (990 people). There are also 175 Koryaks, as well as some Itelmen, Kamchadals, Aleuts and Chukchis.

There are about 50 registered traditional holdings in Bystrinsky national district. Reindeer herding is done on 2 farms, about 50 Even and Koryak herders work there full-time. The total of about 7 thousand of reindeer is pastured in park. There are also several masters of traditional handicrafts in the district, including A. Adukanov, O. Kochetkov, M. Voronova and others. Nomad camps/museums of the aborigines, like the Koryak camp "Chau-Chiv" in Esso, the Even camp "Menedek" in Anavgai are also active and well-developed. This is also true for Bystrinsky Ethnographic museum that displays various aboriginal articles of cultural and social nature. Folk dance groups of the district like "Nulgur", "Nurgenek" and children dance group "Oryakan" contribute greatly to promoting historical and cultural heritage of the indigenous peoples. The aboriginal holidays like "Reindeer-herders day", "First Fish day", Even New Year, which are held annually in Bystrinsky District are also official holidays in Kamchatka.

Evens

The Even people, also known as the Lamuts, the Orochis, the Orochons, the Tungus people, make up the most numerous group of indigenous peoples of the North in Bystrinsky Park.

Based on the data of the population census conducted in 2010 there are 21830 Evens in Russia (and 1779 Evens live in Kamchatka, based on the census conducted in 2002). The Evens are people in the north-east of Siberia, who mostly live in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in Magadan Region, Khabarovsk Territory, in the Chukotka Autonomous Region and in Kamchatsky Krai (in Bystrinsky, Penzhinsky, Olyutorsky and Tigilsky regions).
The Even language belongs to the Tungus group of the Altaic language family.
In the end of the 17th century, while looking for new hunting grounds, the Even people began to appear in the vicinity of Koryak and Chuckchi ethnic camps and in the 1840s small Even groups have reached Kamchatka. The first known reports telling us of the Even people in Kamchatka date back to the middle of the 19th century. C. Ditmar, a Kamchatka explorer, wrote in his diary: "on March, 2 (1852) some outstanding guests arrived in Petropavlovsk. The Lamuts came here for the first time". According to population census held in 1926-1927 there were more than 760 Evens in Kamchatka at that time. Most of them lived in the Bystrinsky District. In 1920s about 18000-20000 reindeer grazed on the territory of the present-day Bystrinsky District. The Even people of this district roamed all over the Sredinny mountain range with their reindeer.
Historically the Even people have three different traditional lifestyles: 1) reindeer herding, with additional resources coming from hunting and fishing in lakes and rivers; 2) hunting, fishing and reindeer herding, every one of them equally important in terms of resources, with spring and autumn migrations; 3) sedentary life on the coast with fishing, seal hunting and sledge dog breeding. Reindeer-breeding Evens rode reindeer and made them carry loads. The Even people have also bred their own type of domesticated reindeer, one that was tall and strong.
The Even people had two kinds of portable dwellings: a conical tent that was covered with hide, leather, fish skin or birch bark and cylinder-conic tent.
Even men were blacksmiths, worked with bone and wood, made belts, leather nooses and harnesses, etc., while women treated skins, tanned leather, made clothes, bed clothing, pack boards and covers, etc.
Even New Year is celebrated annually in June in celebration of the year-long life cycle.

Koryaks

The Koryaks are the indigenous people of the North part of the Kamchatka peninsula. As of today, the Koryaks live in Kamcahtsky Krai, Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous Region. According to population census of 2010 there are 7953 Koryaks in the North (7328 Koryaks live in Kamchatka, according to population census of 2002).
The Koryaks belong to the continental population group of the arctic race of Mongoloids. The Koryak language belongs to the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family of Paleo-Siberian languages. The Koryaks were divided into nomadic and sedentary tribes. Nomadic (reindeer-herding) Koryaks migrated around inland Kamchatka and the adjacent part of the continent, while sedentary Koryaks (shore-dwellers) lived on the Eastern and Western coasts of Kamchatka.
Sedentary Koryaks hunted seals in the ocean, fished, hunted and gathered. Nomadic Koryaks bred reindeer in large herds, over 2000 animals in each. In winter nomadic Koryaks hunted fur animals. Koryaks from both groups knew how to treat fur and leather, how to process wood, bone and metal and how to plait. The occupations of indigenous people can be divided into seasonal groups, with distinctions between male and female tasks. Men processed wood, bone and metal. Women treated fur and leather, cut out and stitched together all kinds of clothes and shoes. The fact that their lifestyles and activities were so different caused the two groups of Koryaks to produce and exchange different objects.
The winter and summer dwelling of nomadic Koryaks was mobile Yaranga. Sedentary Koryaks typically lived in a half dugout that they entered in winter through the opening left in the roof for smoke ventilation. Reindeer-herders generally made their clothing from reindeer hides; shore-dwelling Koryaks used hides of some sea animals as well as reindeer hides. Dog fur and pelts were used as decorations. Winter clothing was double-layered (with fur inside and outside) and summer clothing had a single layer.
The main genres of Koryak folklore are myths and fairy-tales, historical lore and legends. These are dominated by myths and tales of Kuykinyaku (Kutkinyaku), the Raven, his wife Miti and their sons.
The one holiday preserved in a transformed form of the year-cycle festivities is the autumn holiday „Hololo".

Itelmens

The Itelmens belong to the continental population group of the small arctic race of northern Mongoloids.
The Itelmens are indigenous population of North-western Kamchatka, the oldest people of the peninsula. 3193 Itelmens in the north according to the population census of 2010 (and 2296 of them in Kamchatka, according to the census conducted in 2002. Nowadays most Itelmens live in the villages Kovran, Tigil, Palana and Khairyuzovo.
Itelmens (who originally called themselves "itenmen" - "the one who lives", "the living", "the local dweller") belong to the continental population group of the small arctic race of northern Mongoloids. Itelmen language belongs to the Chukotko-Kamchatkan language family.
Itelmens based their survival on river fishing. Their whole material culture was adapted to this occupation. This can be seen in their dwellings, built on raised platforms and called balagans, in their dugout boats, called baty for sailing in the rivers and the dams they made to catch fish. Gathering was very widespread. Skins and fat of sea mammals served for trade. They used boats for summer time travel and dog sledges in winter. Hunting was done in addition to their main occupation.
The main indigenous holidays of the year cycle are the spring holiday named "First Fish Day" and the autumn holiday "Alhalalalai".

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People of North on Bystrinsky Nature Park territory - Bystrinsky Nature Park

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Small indigenous peoples of the North in the Bystrinsky District and Bystrinsky Nature Park Small indigenous peoples of the North, living in Bystrinsky Nature Park, and the fact that some of them still practice traditional lifestyle - they fish, hunt and breed reindeer - is what makes this nature park special among the others in Kamchatka..