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Teen parents could often feel resentment towards their child as they are no longer able to socialize or be involved in anything their friends and peers are doing. They may feel isolated and left out with no support. Symptoms of depression can often strengthen feelings of anger and resentment. Making the child feel guilty and unwanted is emotional abuse. This can cause the child to have mental health issues, could hinder emotional development and cause behavioral problems. There are various services for both mum and child if she feels she is abusing her child she could speak to her General Practitioner to get the right support and the child could speak to Childline who would offer relevant support. There are also services such as the Child and Adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). A child can be referred to them once a problem had been established. They have various practitioners such as adolescent psychologists, family therapists, social work specialists and psychiatrists, these could benefit both parent and child to help them gain a better understanding of each other and surrounding issues.

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Smoking highly affects unborn babies. It causes baby to not have enough oxygen. Cigarettes are filled with such dangerous chemicals. Once the baby is born secondhand smoke would still be a danger as it can damage health with affects such as asthma, ear-infections, pneumonia and other dangers. According to the NHS ‘last year in the UK, 300,000 GP visits and 9,500 hospital admissions were caused by children breathing in other people's cigarette smoke’. It is believed that teenagers are more likely to smoke if they have friends that do so due to popularity and peer pressure. The NHS Stop Smoking centers would be available to help with quitting smoking and could be a good support system for mum. This could benefit the family as smoking is rather expensive so finances may be better as well as mum and child’s overall health. Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (1977) would suggest that if mother or father smoke, the child is more likely to do so in adult years. As children are influenced by those closest to them. Each person in a child’s life is a model they would possibly observe, and, in some cases, they will imitate certain behaviors.

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Being a young pregnant teen could be difficult as any sort of illegal activity such as underage drinking or taking drugs whilst pregnant could highly damage the baby’s health. Alcohol passes through the placenta and directly to the unborn baby, the more alcohol that is consumed the higher the risks. For any pregnancy risks are high where alcohol is concerned these risks include miscarriage, low birth weight and chances of early labour. Not only does this affect the baby before labour it can also damage a child’s development later in life. These affects include behavioral problems and possibly learning difficulties. Pregnant people can seek medical advice from their midwife and can be referred to a drug and alcohol midwife to better their knowledge of risks and to overcome any challenges they may have. This is a confidential and non-judgmental service that could be vital to help improve the outlook for mum and baby.

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The NHS are available to offer further support for parents and other vulnerable adults. They offer care plans built around service users individually after assessing your needs. They offer services such as financial help, housing advice, support at home and offer help to get individuals out and about in the community. To be assessed for a care plan people would need to contact their local council to be referred to a social worker. The added support could ease stress for young parents and could also build their confidence in confiding personal difficulties to various services. Having a plan in place to help parents could benefit homelife as things be may be better organized, parents could gain relevant knowledge to help themselves. Which then could make parents happier so children seethe reflection and feel better themselves.

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Parents can access their local sure start center's for support and advice. They can engage in relevant classes and find enjoyment in various social activities. This could be good for baby as he/she can socialize with other children and be stimulated in playing. This would help with the child’s physical development and his/her communication and language. Parents could also benefit from socializing with people in similar situations. This could help with feelings of loneliness or low self-esteem.

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Midwives are key during the antenatal period. They can help mum to stay healthy during pregnancy with regards to diet, smoking and drug and alcohol abuse. They can offer support and help mum understand the upcoming changes when the baby is born. They will develop early intervention plans alongside the health visitor to ensure everybody is healthy and prepared for baby to arrive. They can also help mum and dad with relevant parenting classes to ensure the parents and baby are fully supported. Parents being knowledgeable when baby arrives could be vital to baby’s development early in life and in the future.

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Health visitors normally visit around ten days after the baby is born. This does not have to be at home, if the parents are uncomfortable with this the visit can be at the GP surgery or local health Centre. They can help the parents with any worries they may have about their baby’s health. They can also share information about any relevant services the parents can get access to. Mum and dad may seek extra support from their health visitor in regard to depression or any anxiety they may be feeling. The health visitor can also help mum find local groups so she can meet other mums in her local area. This could encourage mum to socialize and be able to relate to people around her without fearing judgement from society. This early intervention and advice could help parents and better their knowledge so their baby has the best possible start in life. They should also encourage expectant mothers to book in early with their Midwives.

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The NSPCC suggest that problems such as mental health in parents can cause them to have difficulty understanding their child’s needs. Parents could struggle to determine routines such as mealtimes, bedtime and taking children to school. This is detrimental to a child’s health as a healthy balanced diet is important to achieve healthy development. Being tired could damage a child’s concentration which could then hinder the child’s education. Therefore, there could be substantial learning delays. Employment later in life could be difficult for the child as they may struggle with exams and not get positive qualifications because absence led them to underachieve. Post Natal Depression can occur through having depression earlier on in life, from having a bad relationship with a partner or to having no family or friends for support. Recent studies show teenagers are up to three times more likely to suffer from PND than older mothers.

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According to Freud’s personality theory (1923) our brains are made up of the ID, Ego and Super-ego. An adolescent brain would act on the ID which is the constant need to for fill basic urges, needs and desires instantly. Babies also act on the ID which could be damaging as mum would feel the urge to satisfy her needs first. This could be a cause for concern for practitioners as mum may be selfish and put herself before the baby which could then be neglectful. Not focusing on the child’s needs and only putting herself first could be seen as emotionally abusive.

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This is a charity that offers employment and training to young parents that are willing to visit secondary schools to share their stories and to help prevent teenage pregnancy. This could be valuable to parents as it could boost self-esteem and confidence. It could help them to gain knowledge about employment and build a good work ethic leading to better opportunities in the future.

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Healthy start offers vouchers for frozen or fresh fruit and vegetables. They can also be used to purchase milk and formula. You can also get free vitamins. This would be beneficial to mum and baby, as it encourages a healthy diet plan and helps with any financial difficulty's parents may be facing. Fruit and vegetables are vital for a healthy balanced diet for development. Parents struggling financially could prefer to buy processed foods full of fat and sugar as these items are often cheaper than fresh produce. Not having the right diet could lead to childhood obesity which could then cause stigma for the child as they could be bullied. Causing more stress and upset for the child. In 2005 Glew’s study of school children suggests that bullies and their victims were more likely to have sad days and to have lower school achievement.

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This organization is to help young mums and dads throughout the pregnancy to offer support where needed. They will visit families regularly up until the baby is 2 years of age. The FNP will enable young families and help to make suitable and positive life changes to have the best possible life for their new baby and to understand the baby’s needs. They will also help mum and dad to maintain positive relationships with the people surrounding them. Depending on the mum’s Micro system she may not have these strong relationships in place due to leaving school or losing family members due to her pregnancy, this could be damaging to baby as later in life the child may struggle to form bonds also. This is important for the child’s Socio-emotional development. Bronfenbrenner (1979) suggests that our micro system, things such as school and friends have impacts on how we see the world.

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According to the Family Nurse Partnership trials (2016), 46% of the teenage parent participants had been suspended, expelled or excluded from school and 48% were not in education, training or employment. This could have detrimental effects on a young person as they are then not socializing with peers and could be isolated which could damage their mental health. This could then affect the child’s development later in life due to the cycle of deprivation. Research would suggest that because parents are not in employment there is greater risk that the child will not seek further education or employment. Being separated from peers could also cause loneliness, low self-esteem and in some cases depression as they get older. If mum, then detaches herself emotionally from the child there is a chance the baby could have bad attachment which could then cause issues later in life with the child’s adult relationships. Research also suggests that children with bad attachment are more prone to taking risks as adults which could result in the child following suit and being a teen mother/father or taking part in criminal activity amongst peers.

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Although the age requirements to claim universal credit is 18 years, in the circumstance of having a dependent a teen parent would be eligible to claim benefits at the age of 16. This allows the adolescent to be in control of their own finances and reduces the risk of financial abuse from parents/caregivers or a partner. Money could be sparse and without any budgeting knowledge mum may struggle to make ends meet. It is believed by Maslow (1942) that if basic needs such as food, water and shelter are not met baby will never reach the self-actualization level. According to the Child Action Poverty Group (2019), research suggests that 47% of children in lone parent families are living in poverty, depending on mum or dad's relationship status this could be detrimental to the baby’s wellbeing. Mum may not have the funds to get the child to school or to provide healthy nutritional meals or even supply warmth in the home. If parents are worried about any issues, there is a chance that energy may be felt by the child leaving them feeling insecure.

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It may be tricky for a teenager to meet criteria to move into their own home. Being pregnant or having a dependent could heighten chances but there would also be a chance of being moved into a mother and baby unit temporarily. This way the teen could learn basic living aspects such as cooking, washing, support with bills and other financial aspects such as rent, council tax, water rates, gas and electricity. This could help them better their independence so when they eventually move into their own home, they would feel stable and possibly cope better using the knowledge they have gained along the way. This could help mum build structure which would then help baby to feel safe and stable in their environment. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1954) suggests that without safety needs being met the individual could not attend the next level of the pyramid. Baby feeling safe from harm and protected would mean that level is achieved. Poor housing can have negative effects on a child’s development as research shows children that grow up in poor housing have a higher risk of illness and poor health.

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This mind map aims to show the outcomes of teenage pregnancy, the effects on health and wellbeing of parents and children and the various services provided to help with care. According to Public Health England (2019) statistics show that over 20,300 births a year are to mothers under 20 years of age. Although some cope very well, a significant amount of them struggle. Their Education, Health and economic outcomes are below average and very poor. We will be discussing the services provided and offered to young parents to help them achieve the best possible outcome for the future.