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Time Period: Approximately around the late 19th century to the mid 20th century

What was important?: Modernist saw that society was great and they focused on the best aspect of life and the progression of oneself. Modernist also backed the idea of moving forward and not being overwhelmed by the past.

Characteristics: Individualism- Literature that focused on the aspect that an individual was more interesting than society.
Experimentation- Writers began to break the old format of writing  and the expectation that came with it. Writers began to write about past events using the modern themes.
Symbolism- Writers took the perspective of objects and infused them specific and significant meaning and their representation of something. This type of writing was mainly a way to use the readers imagination of what that object is trying to symbolize.

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World War 1: Many modernist were in the actual war so they saw events first-handed, so their writing were composed of their experience. The war also brought upon a disillusion upon the people that taught life was perfect with not issues.

The Roaring 20's: Modernism led to a social war because of the introduction of new social rules that challenged old rules. Society was divided between the youth and the old, the youth was trying to push forward new ideas based around modern science while the older section of society just wanted everything to stay the same.

The Great Depression: Modernist promoted the faith in reasoning, organization, and planning. This gave the people hope and a will to pursue for a brighter future after this tragic economic downfall. There were also some plans used that were relatively a new concept to society like FDR's new deal plan which gave the Americans some hope for a economic relief.

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F. Scott Fitzgerald was an author that was linked to the Jazz Age. He wrote a ton of novels, one popular novel in particular known as The Great Gatsby. This book, published in 1925, reflected the glitter of the Jazz Age and the fading American dream. His work also brought to life the flappers, tycoons, and other characters emblematic of the 1920s. Examples of this are the rhythms/beats of Jazz that were full of spontaneous improvisation and energy, photographs/drawings of flapper girls dancing enthusiastically, lively wardrobes worn by women that seemed impractical at times but exerted confidence, and many more. However, Fitzgerald depicts that underneath the shiny surface of the era, the nation was falling apart. This can be seen in the wealthy and glamorous characters of his novels being unhappy.

Ernest Hemingway was a novelist that is widely considered as the most influential post-WW1 writer of all time. His literacy style was very impactful as it reduced the flamboyance of literary language to simplicity. It was a style that showed minimal details on the surface but contained a deeper meaning, or theme, underneath. For example, he would write a plain sentence like, "He was an old man who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf Stream and he had gone eighty-four days now without taking a fish," but have it mean something else.

John Steinbeck was a writer during the Great Depression that wrote many books, such as The Grapes of Wraith. The book was about a family being forced out of their farm in Oklahoma and moved to the indignities of California labor camps. Steinbeck became important from this work of literature because he mingles the personal quest of the family with passionate exploration of the larger issue of social justice in America. He was an author that documented the several crucial elements of American life and culture well. The issues that were brought up about the Great Depression in his books like the labor strife and unemployment are considered powerfully and beautifully written.

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Stream of consciousness is a narrative technique that the  abandoned chronology and attempted to imitate the moment-by-moment flow of a character's perceptions and memories. For example, James Joyce was one of the first to adopt this method and was arguably the most influential author to use it. In his novel Ulysses, the character says,

“He is young Leopold, as in a retrospective arrangement, a mirror within a mirror (hey, presto!), he beholdeth himself. That young figure of then is seen, precious manly, walking on a nipping morning from the old house in Clambrassil to the high school, his book satchel on him bandolier wise, and in it a goodly hunk of wheaten loaf, a mother’s thought.”

This quote shows the flow of thoughts in the character's mind, self reflecting on his past self and what he did (walking with a satchel with a loaf of bread inside it).

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“Stream of Consciousness - Examples and Definition.” Literary Devices, 13 Jan. 2018, literarydevices.net/stream-of-consciousness/.

Baker, Lindsay. “Culture - The Wild Era That Changed What We Wear.” BBC, BBC, 15 Dec. 2017, www.bbc.com/culture/story/20161004-did-the-20s-really-roar.

Hendricks, Beth. "Ernest Hemingway's Writing Style in the Old Man and the Sea." Study.com, Study.com, study.com/academy/lesson/ernest-hemingways-writing-style-in-the-old-man-and-the-sea.html.

“The Moderns.” Elements of Literature, edited by Kylene Beers, Carol Jago,

Deborah Appleman, Leila Christenbury, Sara Kajder, Linda Rief, Holt, 2009, pp.

746-751, 841.

“Traditionalism vs. Modernism.” Roaring Twenties, takenol.weebly.com/traditionalism-vs-modernism.html.

Onion, Amanda. “How World War I Changed Literature.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 26 Apr. 2018, www.history.com/news/how-world-war-i-changed-literature.

Welky, David. “Modernity and the Great Depression: The Transformation of American Society, 1930–1941 by Kenneth J. Bindas (Review).” Journal of Southern History, The Southern Historical Association, 7 Feb. 2018, muse.jhu.edu/article/685250/pdf.

Kmusani. “John Steinbeck.” Enotes.com, Enotes.com, www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-john-steinbeck-important-504843.