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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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The 35 mm format, or simply 35 mm, is the common name for the 36×24 mm film format or image sensor format used in photography.

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A twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens", while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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a camera which records images in a format larger than 4 x 5 inches. The main advantage of large format cameras is their incredible image resolution. A 4 X 5 inch image has roughly 16 times the image area of that produced by a 35mm camera and therefore 16 times the total image resolution.

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography.

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The photo curator is a relatively new development in the world of photography careers, but it is an exciting one, nevertheless. ... Photo curators collect, exhibit, research and maintain the photo collection at a museum.

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a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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In visual arts and particularly cinematography, framing is the presentation of visual elements in an image, especially the placement of the subject in relation to other objects. Framing can make an image more aesthetically pleasing and keep the viewer's focus on the framed object(s).

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a large room for the exhibition of pictures also : a collection of pictures.

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Copyright in photography means that you own an image you created.

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shape describes a flat, enclosed area of space. Shapes can be constructed with colors and lines, but all shapes are limited to two dimensions – width and length.

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A line in a photo is a point that moves, leading towards something. Some lines are obvious, and some are implied. The viewer's eyes are naturally drawn along lines. This can be vertical lines, parallel lines, curved lines, diagonal lines, and even strong horizontal lines.

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texture refers to the visual quality of the surface of an object, revealed through variances in shape, tone and color depth. ... Capturing high levels of detail is extremely important when attempting to capture lifelike textures making exposure choices critical.

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Form refers to when shape takes on three dimensions. Form is created by shadows and highlights on an object in the photograph.

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The rule of space in photography is simply the act of adding visual space in front of the direction that an object is moving, looking or pointing to imply motion and direction and to lead the eye of the viewer. ... This rule tells where to place the visual space, or in other words, where to place our subject in the image.

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Value defines how light or dark a given color or hue can be. Values are best understood when visualized as a scale or gradient, from dark to light. The more tonal variants in an image, the lower the contrast. When shades of similar value are used together, they also create a low contrast image.

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The definition of color is a component of light which is separated when it is reflected off of an object. Hues have a natural value where they look the purest and some colors, like yellow, are naturally light. ... While other colors, like violet, are darker.

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Variety is about varying elements and objects in your image, to avoid making them boring. Variety can also be varying your angles, exposure, composition, etc., to get a few different looks to the same image. ... This image has variety by introducing another element into the foreground of the picture.

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Pattern photography utilizes elements that are repeated. The repetition of lines, shapes, tones, or colour can create interesting images. There are photographers who use the pattern as the main subject of an image while others use it to enhance the overall composition and look of the photograph.

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Proportion in photography is usually comparing size of objects, or the amount of one thing to the whole. ... By comparing the size of one object to another, it can give more or less importance to it. Colour, as an Element, is also important in Proportion.

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we can experience motion because the human mind miraculously creates it even though it might not “objectively” be there. The mind perceives movement because the mind itself moves

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Unity describes the visual relationship between elements in a photograph. It helps create a cohesive image. Using similar colors or tones, concepts or elements cultivates a sense of unity.

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Emphasis​is defined as an area or object within the artwork that draws attention and becomes a ​focal point. Focal point ​refers to an area in the composition that has the most significance - an area that the artist wants to draw attention to as the most important aspect.

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Balance in photography is observed when an image has subject areas that look balanced throughout the composition. It is achieved by shifting the frame and juxtaposing subjects within it so objects, tones, and colors are of equal visual weight.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger.

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The phrase warm color is used to describe any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming. Examples of warm colors include red, yellow and orange

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Neutral means without color. Neutrals such as beige, ivory, taupe, black, gray and shades of white appear to be without color, but in many applications these hues often have undertones.

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a color that combined with a given color makes white or black.

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A triadic color scheme is comprised of three colors evenly spaced on the color wheel. The two most basic triadic palettes are the primary colors red, blue, and yellow and the secondary hues orange, purple, and green.

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis; showing symmetry.

"the shape of a hill, smooth and symmetrical"

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having parts that fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry.

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the act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side often to compare or contrast or to create an interesting effect an unusual juxtaposition of colors also : the state of being so placed contrasting shapes placed in juxtaposition to each other.

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containing or using only one color.

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the rule of thirds is a type of composition in which an image is divided evenly into thirds, both horizontally and vertically, and the subject of the image is placed at the intersection of those dividing lines, or along one of the lines itself.

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Leading lines are lines that appear in a photograph that have been framed and positioned by the photographer to draw the viewer's eye towards a specific point of interest. These lines often draw the viewer's eye in a specific direction or towards a designated portion of the photograph

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The golden ratio is a composition guide. Some people call it the Fibonacci spiral, golden spiral, phi grid, divine proportion, or the golden mean. It helps to lead the viewer through the entire photo. The composition will be more pleasing and balanced for the human eye.

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Positive space is any part of the photo that jumps out from its surroundings. That includes your subject, for example, along with other noteworthy areas of detail.

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Negative space is just the opposite — parts of an image that don't attract as much attention, surrounding the positive space and giving it a buffer.

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illumination from behind.

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Diffuse light is light that is scattered, causing it to fall on the crop from all sides. The light is evenly distributed, leaving no sharp shadows. Diffuse light arises when direct light is scattered naturally (e.g. by clouds) or with artificial means (e.g. a diffuse coating).

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Ambient Light traditionally refers to any form of light that the photographer did not add to their image, and can include both "natural" ambient sunlight, or "artificial" ambient light such as a nearby street light, lamp, or similar.

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the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting.

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the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light.

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The difference between these two styles is that objective photography tries to show the world as it really is, while subjective photography tries to show the world as the photographer herself sees it. Specific aspects of a picture that can make it objective or subjective are angle, tone, color and intent. Specific aspects of a picture that can make it objective or subjective are angle, tone, color and intent. Angle

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Constructive criticism is a helpful way of giving feedback that provides specific, actionable suggestions. Rather than providing general advice, constructive criticism gives specific recommendations on how to make positive improvements. Constructive criticism is clear, to the point and easy to put into action.

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he practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

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Photography ethics are the principles that guide how we take and share photographs. Photography ethics are subjective, contextual, and fluid, meaning that every person’s ethics will be different, because ethics are based on a person’s life experience and values. The branch of knowledge that deals with the moral principles according to which a person should or may lead their life is known as ethical. On the other hand, something that does not get considered as right in society or an act that may create confrontation among people is known as unethical.

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a set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasize contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images.

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a picture or relief carving on three panels, typically hinged together side by side and used as an altarpiece.

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a minute area of illumination on a display screen, one of many from which an image is composed.

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golden hour is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the Sun is higher in the sky.

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Blue hour photography or blue light photography is the process of taking photographs during the time of the day that is known as the blue hour.

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a format for compressing image files.

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A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free and may be either unpublished or open.

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A camera RAW image is an unprocessed photograph captured with a digital camera. ... Instead of applying lossy JPEG compression, which reduces the image quality, RAW mode saves files in a losslessly compressed format. Because Camera RAW files are uncompressed, they take up more space than typical JPEG images.

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Tag Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers.

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PSD (Photoshop Document) is an image file format native to Adobe's popular Photoshop Application. It's an image editing friendly format that supports multiple image layers and various imaging options. PSD files are commonly used for containing high quality graphics data.

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a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface.

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A mid-tone is precisely that – all luminance values that are not dark or light are considered to be mid-tones. ... While mid-tones help to ensure much information is contained in an image, a photograph consisting of only mid-tones lacks dynamics.

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Sepia toning is a chemical process used in photography which changes the appearance of black-and-white prints to brown. The color is now often associated with antique photographs. Most photo graphics software programs and many digital cameras include a sepia tone filter to mimic the appearance of sepia-toned prints.

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Highlights are usually defined as the brightest area in a photo. ... With that in mind, I would like to redefine highlights as the brightest area in a photo in which one can still see detail. The same is true of a great shadow. A shadow is defined as the darkest area of a photo in which you can still see detail.

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Post processing is the process of editing the data captured by a camera while taking the photo taken to enhance the image. ... There are more and more cameras which have come into market which can capture RAW files. Raw files have much more data at a pixel level which help in post processing and enhancing the image.

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Auto Mode. Automatic Exposure is when the camera chooses the optimum shutter speed, aperture, ISO and flash settings for your shot. All you need to do is point and shoot. This can be good if you have no idea of what settings to choose and also when you need to shoot quickly.

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The "program" in Program mode refers to the fact that you can fiddle with the shutter speed and aperture combo. Whether you choose Auto or Program, the camera chooses an aperture and shutter speed combination that will give you a good exposure.

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Aperture priority, often abbreviated A or Av on a camera mode dial, is a setting on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure based on the lighting conditions as measured by the camera's light meter.

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Shutter priority (usually denoted as S on the mode dial), also called time value (abbreviated as Tv), refers to a setting on some cameras that allows the user to choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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Manual mode on a camera allows the photographer to determine the exposure of an image by letting them select an aperture value and a shutter speed value. ... These modes give the user control of either aperture or shutter speed, while letting the camera determine the remaining setting for best exposure.

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The ASA (American Standards Association) scale is an arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. If everything else is kept constant, the required exposure time is inversely proportional to the ASA rating. ... …with the still widely used ASA speed).

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ISO originally referred to the sensitivity of film—it's "light gathering" ability. The higher the ISO rating, the greater the film's ability to capture images taken in low light. ... For digital photography, ISO refers to the sensitivity—the signal gain—of the camera's sensor.

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. While film grain is a function of such particles it is not the same thing as such.

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Digital Noise is the commonly-used term to describe visual distortion. It looks similar to grain found in film photographs, but can also look like splotches of discoloration when it's really bad, and can ruin a photograph. Noise tends to get worse when you're shooting in low light.

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An image sensor or imager is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information. The waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation.

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the time for which a shutter is open at a given setting.

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an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds. Generally, this would be used in extremely low light situations, such as taking photos of the night sky. How bulb mode can help you achieve longer exposures.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation.

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a fault in a photograph caused by the camera not being held still enough whilst the exposure was made.

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Both a tripod and monopod are accessories designed to support a camera — where the two differ are the legs. A tripod has three legs (that’s the “tri”). A monopod is a camera support that has one leg (that’s the “mono”). Much of the rest of the design is similar across both accessories.

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the quality of out-of-focus or “blurry” parts of the image rendered by a camera lens – it is NOT the blur itself or the amount of blur in the foreground or the background of a subject.

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In photography, an aperture is the opening of a lens used to control the amount of light necessary to expose the sensor/film; in addition, the aperture is used creatively to control the compositional use of depth of field. An opening, hole, or gap

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Shallow depth of field is converse of wide depth of field in understanding the basics of depth of field. This occurs when we have an aperture value that limits our lenses to a more reduced range of distances. Three variables determine the depth of field in your digital exposures: aperture, focal length, and focused distance (the distance to your focused subject). Adjusting any one of these variables without adjusting the other two changes the depth of field.

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Focal length, usually represented in millimeters (mm), is the basic description of a photographic lens. It is not a measurement of the actual length of a lens, but a calculation of an optical distance from the point where light rays converge to form a sharp image of an object to the digital sensor or 35mm film at the focal plane in the camera.

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Telephoto lenses are longer and heavier than wide-angle lenses. There are some exceptions. Whether your lens is zoom or prime lens will have a bigger impact on the overall size and weight. For example, an 85mm prime telephoto lens is typically shorter than a 14-24mm wide-angle lens.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements. Long-exposure photography captures one element that conventional photography does not: an extended period of time.

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denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.

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Light painting also refers to a technique of image creation using light directly, such as with LEDs on a projective surface using the approach that a painter approaches a canvas.

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In cinematography and photography panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position. This motion is similar to the motion of a person when they turn their head on their neck from left to right. In the resulting image, the view seems to "pass by" the spectator as new material appears on one side of the screen and exits from the other,

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Resolution is the camera’s ability to classify and effectively present discrete image information, such as details, patterns and textures within a given photographic image and it corresponds to how large a photo can become without becoming unacceptably blurry or grainy.