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Imperfection when a lens fails to focus all wavelengths of color to the same spot on the focal plane, focusing them to different positions.

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Conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another.

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A digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern.

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Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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Barrel Lens Distortion & Pincushion Distortion

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Barrel Lens Distortion & Pincushion Distortion

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Two common types of distortion. In barrel distortion, magnification decreases with distance from the centre of the image; in pincushion distortion, magnification increases with distance.

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image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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Is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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A full-frame DSLR is a digital single-lens reflex camera with a 35 mm image sensor format.

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Unit of digital information: one byte equals 8 bits.

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Crop factor is the ratio of a camera sensor's size to a 35mm film frame. Use it to calculate effective focal lengths and compare lenses between DSLRs.

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invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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It emphasizes spareness and focuses solely on the smallest number of objects in the composition process

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use images of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony.

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believable scenes and situations are transformed into waking dreams or fantastical, hallucinatory scenarios by the photographer's creative vision

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The term is used where the artist is being innovative and experimental in an aspect of their art. The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views.

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intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images.

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a collection of inanimate objects arranged as the subject of a composition.

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taking of photographs for commercial uses. These photographs are often used for the promotional marketing of a business including website placement, product previews, and marketing material images.

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taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object.

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a type of histogram that acts as a graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a digital image. It plots the number of pixels for each tonal value.

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a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. ... Anti-artworks may reject conventional artistic standards altogether, or focus criticism only on certain aspects of art.

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A neutral density (ND) filter is a type of grey filter that easily attaches to a camera lens, to control how much light enters the camera's sensor.

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an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium.

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is the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film. ... Color cross processed photographs are often characterized by unnatural colors and high contrast.

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a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. Or it can be fixed to an off-camera flash. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light.

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a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox

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a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam.

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a type of photographic lighting device. Create even and diffused light by transmitting light through some scattering material, or by reflecting light off a second surface to diffuse the light

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a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio.

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it's the highlight reflected off the surface of the eye. Catchlights can be any size, or shape, and the way they come out depends greatly on how the photographer captures the light.

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you adjust points throughout an image's tonal range. Initially, the image's tonality is represented as a straight diagonal line on a graph. When adjusting an RGB image, the upper-right area of the graph represents the highlights and the lower-left area represents the shadows.

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a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram.

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a circular lighting tool that evenly illuminates the subject of a close-up photograph.

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the use of camera movements that change the orientation or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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Straight out of camera. Images as shot out of camera; implied is no post processing

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is a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light.

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is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper.

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an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film

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a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints. The process uses two chemicals: ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide

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an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.

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“splitting” the face into two proportional halves, with one side being in the shadow and the other side being in the light.

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a standard lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography and cinematography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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This lighting pattern will create a shadow that loops down and around the side of the nose, and on the neck and under the chin. These shadows subtly help define the subject's bone structure.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly.

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a classic portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera. It is a flattering lighting pattern for most faces and has the effect of visually narrowing a wider face.

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is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion

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The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.

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The visual weight in an image is defined as the visual force that appears due to the contrast of light among the visual elements that compound it. The visual weight is a visual force which prevails in the image balance.

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the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program. The term "rendering" is analogous to the concept of an artist's impression of a scene.

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Space evoked from the relief-perspective when the entities that belong to the picture plane don't undergo reductions or enlargements

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the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD array capturing device.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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a term coined by William Jenkins in 1975 to describe a group of American photographers, whose pictures had a similar banal aesthetic, in that they were formal, mostly black and white prints of the urban landscape.

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the art of long exposure photography that captures of the image of the sun moving across the sky.

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the unit of measurement of color temperature. ... Adjusting the white balance in a cameras settings changes the way the camera processes an image to compensate for the different color temperatures emitted by various light sources.

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a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device.

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simply involves the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside.

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the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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lighting that produces minimal contrast in the scene, which means there is no, or very little, contrast between the highlights and shadows.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display immediately after capture.

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a photography colloquialism for a cheap 50mm prime lens, usually with a maximum aperture of f/1.8 or faster. Lenses in this range are fast, lightweight and extremely versatile for street and portrait photography.

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Shortened terms for photographer. Glass: Lenses. As in “Ooh, that's some fancy new glass you got there!”, referring to a lens. The term comes from the suggestion that photographers make chimp-like noises when admiring the great shot they just took.

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A term used for people who use many Photoshop layers without naming them.

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photograph without much contrast (either color, or luminance contrast). A lack of contrast could be caused by any number of factors. Poor exposure, poor. processing or poor printing being chief among them.

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They are those little round, dark spots that just seem to appear out of nowhere

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clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented

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tethering allows you to connect your camera to a computer or tablet and almost instantly view your digital images on the device within seconds after it is captured.

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a fill light may be used to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the recording media and record the same amount of detail typically seen by eye in average lighting and considered normal.

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The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject.

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the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermal imaging

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simply the blending of two or more images to create one final image

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a genre of photography that mainly aims to capture portraits of people in situations, real-life events or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday

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the art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go

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photography of astronomical objects, celestial events, and areas of the night sky

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a type of grey filter that easily attaches to a camera lens, to control how much light enters the camera's sensor. Since a neutral density filter is neutral, it doesn't have any impact on image color, contrast or sharpness

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which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces

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a phenomenon in which light rays passing through a lens focus at different points, depending on their wavelength

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a type of camera that works without a reflex mirror. Light passes through the lens directly to the digital sensor, which then displays your image on the camera's LCD screen, allowing you to adjust settings and preview your image before its shot

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a superimposed image, logo, or text placed over a photograph—usually as a method of identifying the image's creator