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1. Urban legends are unrealistic, they are not based on experimental data.
2. Educational policies should be implemented based on empirical evidence.
3. Students are not the prepared for their autonomic learning.
4. Teachers not only should give students the right to learn independently, but also limit the right, which means that this right is not too much or too little, but right.

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Two premises related to the third legend

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Two premises related to the third legend

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1. If students want to use the internet effectively, they are supposed to learn some skills.
2.  It’s not correct to say that students do not need to be taught, they need some prior knowledge related searching online.

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Three problems related to the second legend

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Three problems related to the second legend

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1. Learners cannot be classified into one particular group in which people have the same learning style.
2. The lack of information which is used to determine students’ learning styles is a problem of the second legend.
3. The number of learning styles is unclear.

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Paul A. Kirschner is Emeritus Professor of Educational Psychology at the Open University of the Netherlands and Guest Professor at Thomas More University of Applied Science in Belgium. An international speaker and researcher, he was also the President of the International Society for the Learning Sciences.

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GCFLearnFree.org [YouTube] (Oct.3, 2019)

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1. learners can find everything on the internet. Therefore, education and schooling are unnecessary.

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1. learners know their unique learning style.
2. learners are able to find their own way to learn.

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1. highly information-conpetent digital natives.
2.effectively multitask with various technology (do different things at the same time)

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There are two points that be discussed about the first legend

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There are two points that be discussed about the first legend

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1. digital natives actually do not exist.
--learners just know basic computer skills
--the effectiveness of using technologies is questionable
2. the real meaning of "multitasker"
--The term “multitasker” does not mean that digital generation can deal with a series of tasks simultaneously, it means that they can switch their attention from one task to another quickly.

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The three legends have a common point that when learners are learning, they should be initiative. 

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The three legends have a common point that when learners are learning, they should be initiative. 

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Three Problems Caused By Three “Legends”

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Three Problems Caused By Three “Legends”

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1.      Unsuccess controlling of their own learning.

2.      Their preference is not always the most effective one.

3.      Paradox of choice.

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1.      learners as digital natives – New media

2.      learners have specific learning styles (individualized)

3.      learners as self-educators (on the internet)

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In their article “Do learners really know best? Urban legends in education”, the authors Paul A. Kirschner and Jeroen J.G. van Merrienboer evaluate three popular urban legends in education by gathering the results of different studies about them (based on science).

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In their article “Do learners really know best? Urban legends in education”, the authors Paul A. Kirschner and Jeroen J.G. van Merrienboer evaluate three popular urban legends in education by gathering the results of different studies about them (based on science).

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1: A story

2: Told as truth

3: Widespread and popular

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The Science of Learning - The Myths of the Digital Native and the Multitasker (P.A. Kirschner)

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The Science of Learning - The Myths of the Digital Native and the Multitasker (P.A. Kirschner)

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The Science of Learning - The Myths of the Digital Native and the Multitasker (P.A. Kirschner)