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Overview of Sexism / What Sexism was Like in the U.S

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Overview of Sexism / What Sexism was Like in the U.S

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- The concept of Sexism can be described as the belief of one gender being superior to the other in terms of social class and priority.

- Sexism in the U.S was prominently known in the early 20th century, specifically from the early 1900s to the late 1930s against women.

- As women were the main focus of sexism, women were often met with gender inequality in terms of employment opportunities and wages, as women had sought more job opportunities during The Great Depression as a mass amount of men had lost their jobs.

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- Up until and during the Depression, women were often seen as "stay-at-home workers", due to their stereotypical roles as a result of job restrictions, being seen as not having the capability to perform manual labor.

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- Discrimination against women could be found mainly in jobs, and even race due inequality of races in the 1930s.
- Though jobs were available, women were paid less than men  due to employers being reluctant to hire women for jobs that called for men.
- Different races of women struggled even more in trying to find a job.
- African-American women struggled to find jobs with reasonable wages, and Hispanic women had an even more limited range of jobs (such as street vendors or farm workers).

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- The Great Depression was a major factor in sexism during the 1930s.

-As the Stock Market Crash of 1929 had costed thousands of men their jobs, this gave women a compelling sense to fill the gap in lost jobs.

- Though there were was a substantial incline in women applying for jobs (10.5 million to 13 million 1930s-1940s), there was a limiting amount of categories that were available, some of which were stereotypical.
- Jobs were limited in the categories of both domestic and exterior work.

- These jobs ranged from:
Domestic: housekeeping, cooking, and childcare
Exterior: Nursing, teaching, manufacturing occupations

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- While women's basic rights such as rights to education and to vote remain unaffected, many restrictions of rights often revolved around the equality of job wages or marriage, linking to economic impact.

- Some of these restrictions included people with certain jobs not having the right to marry, being restricted from being hired if married, or only one family member being able to work for the United States Government.

- These economic restrictions had the main intent of suppressing women employment, both economically and in a stereotypical manner with the laws favoring jobs and employment gaps to be filled more by men.

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1. Lewis, Jone. “The 1930s: Women’s Shifting Rights and Roles in United States, The Social Impact of the Great Depression on American Women.” ThoughtCo., 29 Jan. 2020, www.thoughtco.com/womens-rights-1930s-4141164.

2. Remy, Corry. “Employment of Women in the 1930s - The Thirties.” Medium, 19 Nov. 2015, https://medium.com/the-thirties/employment-of-women-in-the-1930s-5998fd255f5

3. Rotondi, Jessica Pearce. “Underpaid, But Employed: How the Great Depression Affected Working Women.” HISTORY, 11 Mar. 2019, www.history.com/news/working-women-great-depression.

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Due to the 1929 stock market crash, and many other attributing factors, the United States entered into the Great Depression within the year 1929. As a result, the unemployment rate of men increased to 25%. Not only were men left to fend for themselves, but also the family members which they were responsible for.

Women and men had been socialized to see their roles differently: men were the breadwinners and women worked at home. However, when the Depression hit, men often became depressed and saw themselves as failures. Women, on the other hand, saw their roles increase and worked diligently to make ends meet.

Of the female workforce, one-third of them were married. This is a fifty-percent increase from the 1920s.

If women did not seek employment elsewhere, they would have used their own labor to account for what they would have previously purchased. For example, they would mend their own clothes rather than buying new ones.

When Depression hit, women sought employment out of the house: nurses, school teachers, beauticians, cleaning ladies (maids/cooks), secretaries, and manufacturing occupations (sewing). According to the Censuses taken in 1930 and 1940, the number of women holding professional jobs increased by 20.

Interestingly, hostility came from the women being hired outside of the homestead because the unemployment rate of men was equivalent to the employment rate of women. (The employment rate of women was 25.4% in the latter 1930s; the unemployment rate of men was 25%.) The hostile attitude is reflected in a quote by Norman Cousins, "Simply fire the women, who shouldn't be working anyway, and hire the men. Presto! No unemployment. No relief rolls. No depression."

During the Depression, 26 states had laws prohibiting the employment of married women. The mindset behind this derived from the married man being perceived as the breadwinner - if the woman was employed, she was stealing a job from the man.

Section 213 of the 1932 Federal Economy Act banned more than one family member from working for the United States government. This was aimed at diminishing the employment of married women.

In 1932 and 1935, the Atlanta Board of Education proposed that schools disallowed their female teachers from being married, or that schools would refuse to hire married, female teachers.

Twenty-five percent of the National Recovery Administration codes set lower minimum wages for women doing the same jobs as men. (In 1937, annual pay was $525 for women and $1.027 for men.)

Roosevelt's New Deal agencies gave employment almost entirely to men, especially in regards to Civilian Conservation Corps and Civil Works Administration. Because women were thought of as not being able to do manual labor, they were often placed in sewing rooms.

Vast majority of social security benefits went to men and his dependent wife. This implied that women only deserved economic rights in relations to men, disadvantaging those who didn't fit the traditional housewife mold.

Women Seeking Employment:

Discriminatory Laws Against Women Employment:
http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?query=&prodId=UHIC&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&disableHighlighting=true&displayGroups=&sortBy=&zid=&search_within_results=&action=2&catId=&activityType=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3468301237&source=Bookmark&u=sand55832&jsid=ff1c546a17b62d2d1ce4007351b97724
For further research, check-out "Quiet Suffering: Atlanta Women in the 1930s" by Julia Kirk Blackwelder. It clarifies how particular races of women were treated in the field of employment during the 1930s.

Resources Used:

-https://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/industry/12.htm (provided pictures and info)

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Due to the 1929 stock market crash, and many other attributing factors, the United States entered into the Great Depression within the year 1929. As a result, the unemployment rate of men increased...