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"This timeline charts the history of the State of Israel throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, set against the backdrop of the Cold War era. It includes key historical antecedents leading to its creation and highlights significant events each decade from the 1940s onward, illustrating the nation's formation, conflicts, and evolving place in the global landscape."

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Antecedents: Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

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Antecedents: Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

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The rise of modern Zionism, a political movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Key figures like Theodor Herzl articulate this vision in response to rising antisemitism in Europe.

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The Balfour Declaration, a public statement by the British government expressing support for "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." This declaration, embedded in a letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, provides a significant early political endorsement for the Zionist aspiration.

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The San Remo Resolution, adopted by the Allied Supreme Council, incorporates the Balfour Declaration and assigns Britain the Mandate for Palestine. This international agreement lays the groundwork for British administration and the implementation of the "national home" policy.

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Increasing Jewish immigration to Palestine under the British Mandate leads to growing tensions and conflicts with the Arab population, who also have nationalistic aspirations in the region. Various Arab riots and uprisings occur during this period.

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The British government issues the White Paper of 1939, restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine and limiting land sales to Jews. This policy shift is seen by Zionists as a betrayal in the face of escalating Nazi persecution in Europe.

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The United Nations General Assembly adopts Resolution 181 (II), partitioning Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem under international control. The Jewish leadership accepts the plan, while Arab leaders reject it.

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The State of Israel is declared on May 14, coinciding with the end of the British Mandate. The 1948 Arab-Israeli War erupts immediately as neighboring Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq) invade the newly formed state.

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The 1949 Armistice Agreement s are signed between Israel and each of the neighboring Arab states, establishing armistice lines that would serve as de facto borders for nearly two decades.

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The Suez Crisis of 1956. Following the nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Israel, in coordination with France and the United Kingdom, invades Egypt. International pressure, primarily from the United States and the Soviet Union, forces them to withdraw.

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The Six-Day War of 1967. In a preemptive strike on June 5, Israel defeats the combined forces of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Israel occupies the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), significantly expanding its territory (Gilbert, 2008).

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The Yom Kippur War of 1973. On Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism, Egypt and Syria launch a surprise attack on Israel. Despite initial setbacks, Israel eventually repels the offensive. The war leads to a reassessment of the Arab-Israeli conflict and paves the way for future peace negotiations.

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The First Intifada (1987-1993). A Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. This period is marked by widespread protests, civil disobedience, and violence.

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The Oslo Accords (1993-1995). A series of agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) aimed at achieving a peaceful resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. These accords establish the Palestinian Authority and provide for limited Palestinian self-rule in parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

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The Second Intifada (2000-2005). A major escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, characterized by increased violence, including suicide bombings and large-scale Israeli military operations.

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The Arab Spring and its regional impact. While not directly causing a major shift in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the uprisings and instability in neighboring Arab countries (Egypt, Syria) created a complex and evolving regional landscape that indirectly influenced Israel's security considerations and foreign policy. Beginning in 2010.

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The Abraham Accords (which were signed in 2020). A series of normalization agreements brokered by the United States between Israel and several Arab nations, including the UAE, Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco. These agreements represent a significant shift in regional dynamics, bypassing the traditional focus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a prerequisite for Arab-Israeli normalization.

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VALENTINA FLORES MATEO - The Establishment of Israel and the crises of the Palestine State