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-Trends from elementary to middle school to high school.
-Academic supports for Black students.

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Recruitment Efforts
Teacher and Counselor Perspectives
Academic Support for Marginalized Groups

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Best Practices to Reduce Barriers to the AP Program

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Best Practices to Reduce Barriers to the AP Program

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School-level recruitment
Community Support
Family Engagement
Culture of Inclusion and Support

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-AP Program Policies
-Board Policies that affect Black students and the AP Program.
-Practices that schools have that may be barriers

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-What policies affect Black student participation?
-What practices affect Black student participation?

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What are the barriers in the organization and structure of the school or district that prevent Black students from participating in the AP Program?

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What are the overall effects of not taking AP classes while in HS?

How is this related to Black students and their college graduation rate? Persistence rate in completing college?

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1. What systemic barriers in the K-12 system prevent Black students from participating in the AP Program?
2. How can a school community improve its practices to support Black students in participating in AP classes?

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1. Participation in the AP program has a an influence on a student’s competitive advantage in the university admissions process (Solorzano, 2004).
2. Despite growth in AP courses and student participation, there is a racial participation gap (Davis & Slate, 2015; Kettler & Hurst, 2017).

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University Pressures on K-12 Institutions

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University Pressures on K-12 Institutions

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College Applications
SAT/PSAT
GPA Boost w/ AP Classes

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What are the demographic trends for students participating in the AP Program across the U.S.?

Which schools in the U.S. have the most proportionally represented students by race in their AP Program? What factors may contribute to this?

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What are the demographic trends for passing AP Classes in the U.S.?

Which schools have the most proportionally represented students by race passing AP exams? What factors may contribute to this?

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Institutional Barriers to the AP Program

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Institutional Barriers to the AP Program

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What are the perspectives that teachers and counselors have on student access to the AP Program?