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Planting Trees & Conservation of Biodiversity

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Did you know that the tons of wastes we produce, and deforestation kills biodiversity? 😮

According to the United Nations Environment Program report (2017), the  Philippines  is the fourth top generator of wastes among ASEAN countries producing about 14.66 M tons of trash a year in which 52%  are food/organic wastes. These enormous wastes  go to our environment  that causes pollution  which is detrimental to humans and other organisms. Meanwhile, deforestation  could be linked to the massive flooding that struck different parts of the country for the past months.

Therefore, think twice before before you throw away your garbage and leftovers somewhere, or even cutting a tree! 🤔💭

Here is an infographic with steps to help each one of us address the environmental issues that we all face. 🌳 Kindly share this post so you can help spread awareness and save our Mother Earth! 🌎

#ProtectBiodiversity
#SaveMotherEarth

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for EDSC 103: Teaching and Learning Life Science.

Team Coco 🌴

Content by Rhyjale Cavalida, Kristian Duque, Kendra Hindac, Hanna Ramos, Juanito Reyes, and Cassie Sison.

Pub by Hanna Ramos

References:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nItTc-xFm0K2-zF5SgbatnDUJYRqtAC_/view?usp=sharing

Disclaimer: The members do not claim ownership of the images used in this post. The group gives credit to Getty Images.

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To report any violations regarding waste management, cutting of trees, and exploitation of species, contact:

Department of Environment and Natural Resources
📞(02) 8920-0689/8925-8275; VOIP: (02) 8249-3367
📱 0917-868-3367

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About 35,580 tons of garbage is generated every day in the Philippines.

In 2020, the projected annual waste of the Philippines is at 18.05 Million Tons.

Department of Environment and National Resources. (2018). National Solid Waste Management Status Report. Retrieved from: https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/National-Solid-Waste-Management-Status-Report-2008-2018.pdf

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55 % of Carbon Dioxide is stored on trees

House Bill 8728 "Graduation Legacy for the Environment Act" mandates all graduating elementary, high school and college students to plant 10 trees each as a prerequisite for graduation.

From 1990 to 2017, the Philippines has regained around 1.6 million hectares of its forest cover.

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ONLY 1/3 Filipino households are considered food secure

each Filipino wastes 3.29 kg of rice per year; can feed 4.3 M Filipinos

52.31% of PH's SW consist of food and garden waste

No place for food waste! WWF-Philippines kicks off Savour Planet 2019 with a new theme (2019). https://wwf.org.ph/what-we-do/food/thesustainablediner/savour-planet-2019-new-theme/

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FLOODING. Waste clogs drains and sewers, causing flooding and unsanitary conditions.

DISEASES. Insects such as flies and mosquitoes breed in open garbage dumps, which can spread diseases (e.g. malaria and dengue fever) in the community. In addition, food waste attracts rats, which can also spread disease and damage electrical wiring and other materials.

POLLUTION. Open burning affects air quality. Improper waste disposal can also lead to water and soil contamination that can affect both humans and other living things.

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save money

reduce carbon footprint

conserve energy & resources

support community

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Deforestation is a direct contributor to climate change due to lack of trees that absorb carbon dioxide.

Lack of trees intensifies flooding because there lacks root support.

Loss of habitat because there were no trees that provide needs of all living things

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Trees provide a habitat for all living things.

Trees purify the air.

Trees mitigate intense flooding.

Trees allow for recreational pursuits and provide shade.

Trees promote biodiversity.

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Benefits of proper solid waste management

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Benefits of proper solid waste management

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Lessen and prevent health concerns such as respiratory issues, skin diseases, dengue, etc.

Solid waste management protects and promotes a healthy living environment.

minimize the possibility of flood

control the population of pests or insects that may harm other living things

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Plan & Shop Smart

plan your meals and list what you need

buy local

buy less

be brave to buy the "ugly" goods

Store & Prep Smart

FIFO - first in, first out

understand food labels

store food properly

Thrift Smart

make a home garden

compost

consume what you have

share

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Promote and practice 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle

Practice solid waste segregation at home

Biodegradable

Non-biodegradable

Recyclable

Special waste

Start composting

Turn waste into fertilizer

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Participate in tree planting programs where we can.

Promote the local economy by purchasing products from sustainable resources.

Help educate children on tree conservation.

Raise awareness to help inform more people in the community.

Follow environmental policies and regulations.

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C. Punzalan and M Balanac (2021) Students’ Participation in Tree Planting Activity: Promoting the 21st Century Environmental Education http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=7&sid=218f44b8-4833-4aea-9144-64663d9641de%40sessionmgr4007&bdata=JmF1dGh0eXBlPXNzbyZjdXN0aWQ9czgzOTYzOTAmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=147811750&db=eue

J. Turner-Skoff and N. Cavender (2019) The benefits of trees for livable and sustainable communities http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=4&sid=218f44b8-4833-4aea-9144-64663d9641de%40sessionmgr4007&bdata=JmF1dGh0eXBlPXNzbyZjdXN0aWQ9czgzOTYzOTAmc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=edsdoj.ba97469958ae494e843f0a9c170760c4&db=edsdoj

Pachamama Alliance (2021) Effects of Deforestation. https://www.pachamama.org/effects-of-deforestation

H. Gregory (2017) The Effects of Cutting Down the Trees to the Ecosystem. https://sciencing.com/the-effects-of-cutting-down-trees-on-the-ecosystem-12000334.html

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Stop cutting trees and start planting where you can

Raise awareness in your community  -as public awareness continues, people become more involved in caring about their environment.

Practice what you preach -both within public and when no one can see you.

Support the products of companies that are committed in reducing deforestation -If you don't buy, they will be encouraged to change their practices.

Protect Natural Habitat -even small things like keeping to walk in the path, not stepping on the flowers and crops can help protect what is growing there.

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Climate Change

Soil Erosion

Fewer Crops

Flooding

Loss of habitat

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Eliminating air pollution

Decreasing stress

Boosting physical activities

Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect

Climate Change Mitigation

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House Bill 8728 “Graduation Legacy for the Environment Act”

Mandating all graduating elementary, high school and college student to plant at least 10 trees each as a prerequisite for graduation.

The trees shall be planted in forestlands, mangrove and protected areas, ancestral domains, civil and military reservations, urban areas under the greening plan of the local government units, inactive and abandoned mine sites, and other suitable lands.

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Planting Trees & Conservation of Biodiversity

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Planting Trees & Conservation of Biodiversity

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Adedire, M. O. (2002). Environmental implications of tropical deforestation. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 9(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500209470100

Barrios, E., Valencia, V., Jonsson, M., Brauman, A., Hairiah, K., Mortimer, P. E., & Okubo, S. (2017). Contribution of trees to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 14(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2017.1399167

Jacobs, M. (2018, May). 10 Environmental Benefits of Planting a Tree. GreenPop. https://greenpop.org/10-environmental-benefits-planting-tree/.

Norris, K., Terry, A., Hansford, J. P., & Turvey, S. T. (2020). Biodiversity Conservation and the Earth System: Mind the Gap. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 35(10), 919–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.06.010

Omeja, P. A., Chapman, C. A., Obua, J., Lwanga, J. S., Jacob, A. L., Wanyama, F., & Mugenyi, R. (2011). Intensive tree planting facilitates tropical forest biodiversity and biomass accumulation in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Forest Ecology and Management, 261(3), 703–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.11.029

Victoria, E. L. M. (2017). NSTP-CWTS of the Higher Education System: The Philippine Experience. JPAIR Institutional Research Journal, 9(1), 1-1.

Wang, W., Feng, C., Liu, F., & Li, J. (2020). Biodiversity conservation in China: A review of recent studies and practices. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 2, 100025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2020.100025

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tropical forests are the richest of all the world biota with hundreds of species sometimes found in a single hectare

each species may be represented by only two or three trees per hectare

forests help maintain soil quality, limit erosion, and modulate flooding

tropics contain two-thirds of the world’s approximately 4.5 million plant and animal species

tropical rain forests cover only 7% of the Earth surface but contain more than half of the species in the entire world biota

tropical forests are among the most fragile of all habitats

destruction of tropical rain forests is the main driving force of species extinction

tropical rain forests play vital roles in maintaining climate, through water and carbon cycles

when vegetative covering of the soil is removed, the protective function of the forest is reduced

the ecosystem loses its ability to hold nutrients

deforestation is directly linked to severe flooding, landslides, and productivity losses

deforestation is associated  with increasing concentration of carbon dioxide.

55% of carbon dioxide stored in forests

deforestation releases CO2 stored in the forests to the atmosphere which modifies climates and causes global warming

Animals are susceptible to exploitation and their loss profoundly alter ecosystem dynamics

animals provide essential ecosystem functions through regulation of terrestrial vegetation structure and dynamics at both landscape and biome levels

herbivores promote plant regeneration and regulate vegetation composition through dispersal of plant parts in long distances

presence of animals indicates a good habitat

animal waste such us feces and urine provides nutrient transfer which plays an important role in regulating the biogeochemical cycle

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Agroforestry deliberately growing of plants on the same land management in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence

-lowers air temperature, raising humidity, and reducing wind speeds at surface level

Intensive Afforestation Program – establishment of forests plantations on land that was devoid of forest cover for some time

-low cost and low technology technique

education, training, and awareness, are important in the formation of environmentally aware and enlightened citizens.

need to create greater public awareness which should be accompanied by concrete visible actions which are easily accessible to the general public

participation of children in activities to raise awareness about issues such as climate change is an investment for future climate change adaptation and mitigation initiatives

awareness leads to knowledge, which increases the likelihood of action

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Reducing Climate Change
Purifying Air
Lowers Temperature
Natural Air Conditioning
Conserves Water
Prevents Water Pollution
Provides Shelters for Animals
Renewable Energy Source
Strengthening Soil
Controls Erosion
trees improves pollination for its growth and development cycle
trees provide more favorable habitats for soil biodiversity responsible for ecological functions

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Republic Act No. 9163: Act of Establishing the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for Tertiary Level Students

NSTP-CWTS is an effective/good educational innovation in the tertiary education in the Philippines

interaction between the student’s primary environments – school, community, and family are the key elements of healthy development

service learning can address the gap between the school and community

education promotes community awareness

community service facilitates experiential learning for civic and social growth that nurtures lifelong commitment to sharing and giving

promoting civic consciousness among the youth is a challenge

CWTS activities conducted provided students with fresh-hand knowledge, skills, and healthy attitudes toward community service.

student experiences instilled intrinsic value towards community service

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1. Use a reusable bottle/cup for beverages on-the-go

2. Use reusable grocery bags, and not just for groceries

3. Purchase wisely and recycle

4. Compost it!

5. Avoid single-use food and drink containers and utensils

6. Buy second-hand items and donate used goods

7. Shop local farmers markets and buy in bulk to reduce packaging

8. Curb your use of paper: mail, receipts, magazines

Eight Ways to Reduce Waste (2018). The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved from https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/delaware/stories-in-delaware/delaware-eight-ways-to-reduce-waste/

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Some of the catastrophic effects of today’s poor waste management systems are listed below:

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Some of the catastrophic effects of today’s poor waste management systems are listed below:

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1. Soil Contamination
2. Water Contamination
3. Extreme weather caused by climate change
4. Air contamination
5. Harm towards animal and marine life
6. Human damage

Waste management is our responsibility for we benefit and suffer from it in radical ways. Education and awareness across all communities, irrespective of their social, economic condition, must be ever-present for as long as life inhabits this planet.

6 Negative Effects of Improper Waste Management (2017). Metropolitan Transfer Station. Retrieved from https://www.metropolitantransferstation.com.au/blog/negative-effects-of-improper-waste-management/

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Section 48 of RA 9003 prohibits the following:

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Section 48 of RA 9003 prohibits the following:

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Littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places, such as roads, sidewalks, canals, "esteros" or parks, establishments (fine: P300 - P 1,000)

Causing or permitting the collection of no segregated wastes (fine: PI,OOO P3,OOO)

Establishment or operation of dumps (fine: 0,000 + 5- 10% of net annual income)

Transport and dumping in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional wastes in areas other than centers or facilities prescribed in the Act (fine PIO,OOO - P200,OOO)

Manufacture, distribution or use of Non-Environmentally Acceptable packaging materials (fine: P5,000 + 5- 10% of net annuaI income)

Importation of consumer products packaged in NEA materials (fine: P5,OQO + 5 - 10% net annual income)

Mixing of source-separated recyclable materials with other solid waste (fine P5,OOO + 5- 10% of net annual income)

Importation of to resented as "recyclable" or "with recyclable content" (fine: PIO,OOO - P200,OOO)

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Republic Act 9003 declares that the State has the responsibility/ to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management (SWM) program. To summarize this policy, the State has the following tasks:

1. Protection of public health environment;

2. Utilization, conservation and of valuable resources;

3. Waste avoidance and volume at source;

4. Adoption of environmental management practices;

5. Conduct of national research development on improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques;

6. Encouragement of private and public sector participation in solid waste management;

7. Enforcement and responsibility for solid waste management with LGUs, NGOs and the private sector; and

8. Integration of ecological waste management into the academic curricula to promote environmental protection awareness.

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Considering that our country has ample human resources and the ideal climatic conditions in growing exotic and local trees, its forestry sector has the capacity to rebound and become a key player in national and regional economies. The study of Yonariza and Sharon B. Singzon discusses the post-logging ban policies of two countries – Thailand and Philippines, which both have increased demand for logs while juxtaposing them in the process of domestication of trees used for timber.

This research is important because logging restrictions in natural forests caused a serious domestic timber supply shortage in both countries. Moreover, knowing that we have many forestry schools and colleges in the Philippines that can provide technical training in forestry development yet there are still a lot of professionally registered foresters with limited opportunities to grab on (Fellizar, 1998) , it can have far-reaching implications to open huge market opportunities and inspire the government to consider urgent action by incorporating the major features and conclusions of the study.

The major findings of the case study primarily reveal that forestry management mostly depend on incentive availability. The DENR, LGUs, communities, NGOs and the private sector do not have suitable incentives and support systems to implement a commercial logging ban in natural forests. The investigation of Yonariza and Sharon Singzon coincides with Guiang’s research on impacts and effectiveness of logging bans which recommends that these economic consequences be addressed first by the government strategically investing its resources to protect forest resources that have rich biodiversity and provide incentives to communities and private sectors to participate in environmental conservation and preservation.

What we can do as community researchers is to provide a mental incentive to the masses by gradually shifting our protection and endorsement strategies of our plans and projects from a philosophy of “protect, prohibit, and punish” to “protect, participate, and profit".

Sources:

Fellizar, F. P., Jr. (1998). Community-Based Research Management: Perspective, Experiences and Policy Issues. ERMP, College, Laguna, Philippines

Guiang, E.S. (1993). Community-based forest management: its evolution, emerging prototypes, and experiences from the Philippines. IESAM Bulletin, Vol. XIII, No. 3 and 4. UPLB, College, Laguna, Philippines.

Yonariza, & Sharon B. Singzon. (2012). Post-logging Ban Timber Tree Planting in Thailand and the Philippines. Agriculture and Development Discussion Paper Series.

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In the line of RA 9003, PD 825 was formulated.

PD 825 " PROVIDING PENALTY FOR IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF UNCLEANLINESS AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES."

All citizens and different infrastructure shall undertake the cleaning of their own surroundings, their yards, and gardens, as well as the canals, roads, or streets in their immediate premises.

Any person who throws their garbage in public places (canals, roads, parks, etc.) shall suffer imprisonment of not less than 5 days nor more than one year  or  not less than PhP100.00 or more than PhP2,000.00

Laws and Policies | Sold Waste Management. (n.d.) Environment Management Bureau. https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/PD-825.pdf

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Wasting food increases greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to climate change.
Tips for reducing food loss waste

Buy only what you need

Plan your meals

Avoid impulse buys

Create shopping list

Start your home garden

Check the storage

Pick ugly fruits and vegetables

Before ending up in the trash

Store food wisely

The old product should be in front

Understand food labeling

Support local food producers

Put your food waste to use

Instead of throwing leftover foods, compost them

Sharing is caring

.Donate food that would otherwise be wasted.

Benefits of reducing food waste

Save money

Reduces greenhouse gases emission.

Lots of energy and resources

Reduces pollution

15 quick tips for reducing food waste and becoming a food hero. (2020). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/en/c/1309609/

What are We Wasting for? Reducing Food Waste Starts at Home!. (2020).  WWF. https://wwf.org.ph/resource-center/story-archives-2020/food-waste-starts-at-home/

Metson, E. (2017). Why is reducing our food waste important?. Biofriendly Planet. https://biofriendlyplanet.com/green-ideas/food-waste/reducing-food-waste-important/

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Plan & Shop Smart

Plan what you will eat for the following week, and list what you will buy when you shop (*if you can)

Buy what you need.

Be brave to buy the “ugly” fruits and vegetables as long as they are still edible.

When eating out, ask for smaller portions

Store & Prep

Know how to store your fruits and vegetables. Fruits five off natural gases as they ripen so its better if you keep each type in different bins.

Prepare your meats before you freeze.

Thrift

Cook and eat what you have at home before buying more.

FIFO: First in, First out—Organize your storage so that the older stocks are at the front so you can use them first.

Maximize the edible parts of your fruits and vegetables, even the ones that you don’t usually eat.

Be mindful of the expiration dates of your goods (“sell-by”, “use-by”, “best-buy”)

Minimize leftovers, and eat the leftovers. Take home leftovers when you eat outside.

Segregate food wastes, compost, and use them for your plants.

Donate if you can.

Benefits of Reducing Food Waste

Save money when you buy less.

Reduce methane emissions from landfills and lower your carbon footprint.

Conserve energy and energy resources by minimizing production of products and crops, and also transportation.

Support your community by donating excess untouched food that could have gone to waste.

Food waste & loss–the blind spot in the fight against hunger–7 tips on how to reduce food waste (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization. http://www.fao.org/philippines/news/detail/en/c/286686/

Reducing wasted food at home (n. d.). United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-wasted-food-home#benefits

Tips to reduce food waste (2019). US Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/tips-reduce-food-waste

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Effects of Improper Solid Waste management

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Effects of Improper Solid Waste management

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Wastes block drains and sewers resulting to flooding, and unhygienic conditions

Insects such as flies and mosquitos breed in open solid waste dumps which can be vectors to spread disease (e.g. malaria and dengue) in the community

Food wastes attract rats which can also spread disease, damage electrical cables and other materials.

Open burning affects air quality

Plastic bags affect the aesthetic quality. It can also cause death of grazing animals when they eat it.

Open dumps on the roadside cause traffic blockage in the study area

Unsegregated wastes cause injury or poisoning

Liquids and fumes from chemical wastes poses threat to the health of the community

Summary:
Improper waste management can contribute to the spreading of infectious diseases, flooding, worsening air quality, loss of biodiversity, unhygienic environment, inconvenience to people, and economic loss.

Ejaz, N., Akhtar, H., Nisar, H. & Ali Naeem, U. (2010). Environmental impacts of improper solid waste management in developing countries: A case study of Rawalpindi City. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 142. https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/SW10/SW10035FU1.pdf

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Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or RA 9003

to address the looming garbage problems in the country

to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological SWM program

for public health, environment, and alleviating poverty

National SWM Commission (coordinating body) & SWM Board (LGUs)

The program entails:

Waste Characterization and Segregation

to separate compostable, non-recyclable, recyclable, and special waste; applicable to household, commercial, industrial, agricultural sources

Source reduction

to divert solid waste disposals through reusing, recycling, and composting

Collection and Transport of Solid Waste

provision of containers, hauling and transfer of wastes, provision of properly trained officers and workers (*PPE)

Recycling Program

DTI: to publish an inventory of existing recyclable materials, product standards, and  a proposal to stimulate production Of recyclable materials and products; establish coding system; to strictly  prohibit non-environmentally acceptable packaging

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in each barangay or cluster; sanitary landfill

Composting

DA: inventory of markets and demands for composts; composts for commercial distribution ust conform to DA standards for organic fertilizer

Incentive Scheme

to encourage the community to develop outstanding and innovative projects, technologies, processes and techniques in 3 Rs

rewards: 10 yr tax exemption, and duty exemption on imported products used for SW ; 50% nat’l internal revenue taxes and custom duties; extension of financial incentives to individuals, enterprises or private entities engaged in SWM and grant entitlement to LGUs

Penal provisions

Financial SWM

SWM fund from from fines and penalties, proceeds of permits and licenses, donations, endowments, grants and contributions, and amountt allocated under General Appropriations Act

to be utilized to finance projects for SWM, awards and incentives, research programs etc.

Aquino, A. P., Derequito, J. A., & Festejo- Abelada, M. A. (2013). Ecological solid waste management act: Environmental protection through proper solid waste practice. https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/588

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Reduce the quantity of waste and Reuse

Recycle

Practice waste segregation that can lead to cleaner and higher-quality materials.

U.S. EPA. (2020). Best Practices for Solid Waste Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers in Developing Countries. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-10/documents/master_swmg_10-20-20_0.pdf

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Benefits of improving solid waste management

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Benefits of improving solid waste management

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Low cases of respiratory issues

May prevent skin diseases and other health concerns

conserves resources (reducing collection and transportation costs)

it aids to protect the environment

prevents the release of greenhouse gases

healthier living environment

U.S. EPA. (2020). Best Practices for Solid Waste Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers in Developing Countries. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-10/documents/master_swmg_10-20-20_0.pdf
Scott. (n.d). Negative Effects of Poor Waste Management. Rid of it Vancouver. https://www.ridofitvancouver.ca/negative-effects-poor-waste-management/

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Additional effects

Human health

unsegregated wastes may attract insects and germs that spread disease (typhoid, cholera)

the bulk of mosquitos can be vectors for diseases such as malaria, dengue, etc.

emissions of air pollutants can affect one's health

Environmental

Mismanaged waste is a threat to stray animals and wildlife as animals may try to consume waste that contains food residue or scraps.

Waste incineration produces emissions of black carbon that may impact regional air quality and global climate.

waste disposal sites release methane which contributes to climate change.

Socioeconomic

Improper solid waste management missed opportunities for economic growth.

The decreasing number of tourists is obviously visible.

Others

clog drainages, flood, water pollution, air pollution,  soil pollution,

U.S. EPA. (2020). Best Practices for Solid Waste Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers in Developing Countries. Retrieved from: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-10/documents/master_swmg_10-20-20_0.pdf
Scott. (n.d). Negative Effects of Poor Waste Management. Rid of it Vancouver. https://www.ridofitvancouver.ca/negative-effects-poor-waste-management/

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Consequences of improper solid waste management

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Consequences of improper solid waste management

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Improper solid waste management may affect human health and ecological integrity (Domingo and Manejar, 2021); may create negative impacts on the environment including but not limited to infectious diseases, land and water pollution, obstruction of drains, global warming, flash floods, destruction of infrastructures due to clogged waterways, and loss of biodiversity (Ejaz et. al. 2010; DENR, 2018; & Mansanedez, 2019).

Domingo, S.N. and Manejar, A.J. (2021). An Analysis of Regulatory Policies on Solid Waste Management in the Philippines: Ways Forward. Philippine Institute for Development Studies.

Ejaz, N., Akhtar, N.,  Nisar  H., &  Ali Naeem, U. (2010). Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case Study in Rawaldinpi City. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. Vol. 142. ISSN: 1743-3541. Doi:10.2495 https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/SW10/SW10035FU1.pdf

Mansanadez, E.A. (2019).  Solid Waste Management and Disaster Preparedness of At-Risk Municipalities of Zamboanga del Norte. JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research. Vol. 35. ISSN 2244-0445. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331402686_Solid_Waste_Management_and_Disaster_Preparedness_of_At-Risk_Municipalities_of_Zamboanga_Del_Norte

Department of Environment and National Resources. (2018). National Solid Waste Management Status Report. Retrieved from: https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/National-Solid-Waste-Management-Status-Report-2008-2018.pdf

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Planting Trees and Conservation of Biodiversity

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Planting Trees and Conservation of Biodiversity