# data[].attributes.body
"There is a principle of reflection in men, by which they distinguish between and disapprove their own actions"

# data[].attributes.body
the role of conscience may be to decide what should be done before making a decision and to inform moral agents whether their actions were right or wrong. for example, conscience may cause a feeling of guilt after the event

# data[].attributes.body
'if conscience goes, then everything collapses around us'

# data[].attributes.body
believed that conscience was the arena in which humans turned an is into an ought. The role of conscience in making moral decisions and acting upon them is thus universally recognises as being highly significant.

# data[].attributes.body
"Nevertheless a well trained conscience remains a factor of the utmost importance in the moral life"

# data[].attributes.body
conscience was the 'mind of man making moral judgements' and realm in which humans exercised their reason in working out what was right. It would involve using logical powers of reasoning and making judgements based on previous experience and what has been revealed in scripture.

# data[].attributes.body
"You've probably heard it said that the only reason anybody ever does something is that it makes him feel good ... if we are really motivated only by our own comfort, it is hopeless for morality to try to appeal to a concern for others"

# data[].attributes.body
butler argued that conscience was important to being human as it was a faculty which separates human being from other sentient beings. human beings have conscious awareness of their actions but other creatures do not. for butler the conscience is the voice of God within. butler believed that humans were influenced by two basic principles - self love and love of others. the conscience should be selfish but rather selfless. he argued that conscience is a guide from God to the correct moral behaviour and that it must be obeyed. for butler the conscience is intuitive and innate, must obey demand of Conscience.

# data[].attributes.body
Conscience is the voice of god talking to us and is a tool to help known God. Claims 3 things: god implants knowledge of right conduct and a person cant rightly act without grace of god and motive also have to be right.

# data[].attributes.body
independent system of authority it has the ultimate authority

# data[].attributes.body
For- It makes sense for Christians that they have a moral guide coming from God.
Against- determinism, are we morally free?
Why doesn't everyone get guidance from God, does He pick and choose?
People make radically different decisions when facing moral dilemmas which can't all be from God. E.g. suicide bombing

# data[].attributes.body
Conscience is the innate voice of God

# data[].attributes.body
conscience is universal whether man believes in God or not, and is God given

# data[].attributes.body
'I shall drink to the pope if u please- still, to conscience first and to the pope afterwards"

# data[].attributes.body
"For when will they be able to understand that there is no soul, however wicked ... in whose conscience God does speak?"

# data[].attributes.body
"Principle planted within us, before we have had any training, although training and experience necessary for strengths, growth and formation"

# data[].attributes.body
6 stages of moral development from birth, there were 3 different stages and the final stage is known as individualised conscience where moral decisions must be consistent and universable.

# data[].attributes.body
conscience needs to be instructed and trained

# data[].attributes.body
For- explains why people reach different moral decisions
Explains why conscience is fallible
Objective approach to right and wrong
Against- some people do not have the faculty to use reason as suggested by Aquinas and Butler.
"Not all men are angels" - James Madison
Emotions and social conditioning also influence and distort it

# data[].attributes.body
Conscience is an aspect of super ego, the human psyche is split into 3 parts, super ego which is controlling and restraining self. The ego which is the rational self which mediates from desires of the super ego and id. and ID which is basic gratification and desires.

# data[].attributes.body
"His conscience is the voice that calls back to himself"
"It is the guardian of our integrity"

# data[].attributes.headline
value of conscience as the 'voice of God' 

# data[].attributes.subject
value of conscience as the 'voice of God' 

# data[].attributes.body
this type of conscience may not be valuable if:
- there is no way of knowing if the 'voice' you are hearing is genuinely the voice God
- there are conflicting messages coming to people who are all believe that God is speaking to them
conscience appears here to be both subjective and unreliable

# data[].attributes.body
Authoritarian Conscience - internalised voice of a disapproving society
Humanistic Conscience - intuitive knowledge of what is human and inhuman, the opposite of slavish obedience and conformity of the authoritarian conscience

# data[].attributes.body
sociologist - conscience is social conditioning, collective and the shared beliefs of society

# data[].attributes.body
For- a collective conscience could unite society
Against- this would have no value if the morality of that society was corrupt.

# data[].attributes.headline
value of conscience as the internalised values of society or inner parent 

# data[].attributes.subject
value of conscience as the internalised values of society or inner parent 

# data[].attributes.body
the conscience naturally unites society, because its members have shared values which the conscience enforces.

# data[].attributes.body
'when gentiles, who do not possess the law, do instinctively what the law requires, these, though not having the law, are a law to themselves. They show that what the law requires is written on their hearts."

# data[].attributes.body
2 stages of moral development
1 - ages of 5 - 10 heteronomous morality, actions right or wrong based on consequence
2 - autonomous morality develop their own rules and understand how to work to best serve society