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- The statue was commissioned by the Eleans, the people of the city of Elis, where Olympia was located, to honor Zeus.

- Phidias, the sculptor, was also responsible for creating the colossal statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon in Athens.

- The statue of Zeus was a chryselephantine sculpture, meaning it was made of ivory and gold.

- The Temple of Zeus, where the statue was housed, was one of the largest temples in Greece, and the statue itself was the central focus of the temple's interior.

- The statue's face was said to be so lifelike that it inspired awe and reverence in worshippers who visited the temple.

- The statue of Zeus was known for its intricate details, such as the flowing beard and hair, and the drapery of Zeus's clothing.

- Ancient accounts describe the statue as a masterpiece of ancient Greek art and a testament to the skill of Phidias as a sculptor.

- Despite its eventual disappearance, the statue of Zeus continued to inspire later generations of artists and writers, who sought to recreate its grandeur in their own works.

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₊˚⚜️⊹ The Hanging Gardens of Babylon •°. *࿐

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₊˚⚜️⊹ The Hanging Gardens of Babylon •°. *࿐

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Unbelievable Creation: Around 600 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar II, was from Babylon, an ancient city-state located in Mesopotamia, which is in modern-day Iraq. He ruled the Neo-Babylonian Empire from approximately 605 BCE to 562 BCE, built the Hanging Gardens for his wife, Amytis, who missed her homeland.

Engineering Feat: Constructing terraced gardens that resembled a mountain was an astounding achievement of ancient engineering.

Mystery Location: Believed to be in Babylon, near modern Iraq, though no concrete evidence has been found.

Sophisticated Irrigation: Used advanced techniques to pump water from the Euphrates River up to the gardens.

Exotic Paradise: Filled with diverse plants from faraway places, creating a lush, green wonderland.

Architectural Marvel: The gardens were a true wonder, defying belief with their complexity and beauty.

Historical Enigma: Ancient texts describe the gardens, but no Babylonian records mention them, adding to the intrigue.

Modern Speculation: Some scholars suggest the gardens might have been in Nineveh, not Babylon, keeping the mystery alive.

Timeless Wonder: The Hanging Gardens remain an incredible testament to the ingenuity and ambition of ancient civilizations. It remains as an inspiration to current modern civilizations now.

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lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the World and the most famous lighthouse in antiquity. It was a technological triumph and is the archetypeof all lighthouses since. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus, perhaps for Ptolemy I Soter, it was finished during the reign of Soter’s son Ptolemy II of Egypt in about 280 BCE. The lighthouse stood on the island of Pharos in the harbour of Alexandria and is said to have been more than 350 feet (110 metres) high; the only taller man-made structures at the time. Much of what is known about the structure of the lighthouse comes from a 1909 work by Hermann Thiersch, Pharos, antike, Islam und Occident. According to the ancient sources consulted by Thiersch, the lighthouse was built in three stages, all sloping slightly inward; the lowest was square, the next octagonal, and the top cylindrical. A broad spiral ramp led to the top, where a fire burned at night.

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Stonehenge is a prehistoric megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, 3 km west of Amesbury. It consists of an outer ring of vertical sarsen standing stones, each around 4.0 m high, 2.1 m wide, and weighing around 22000 kg, topped by connecting horizontal lintel stones. Inside is a ring of smaller bluestones. Inside these are free-standing trilithons, two bulkier vertical sarsens joined by one lintel. The whole monument, now ruinous, is aligned towards the sunrise on the summer solstice and sunset on the winter solstice. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the densest complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred tumuli

Archaeologists believe that Stonehenge was constructed in several phases from around 3100 BC to 1600 BC, with the circle of large sarsen stones placed between 2600 BC and 2400 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the bluestones were given their current positions between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC.

One of the most famous landmarks in the United Kingdom, Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon. It has been a legally protected scheduled monument since 1882, when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.

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The Colosseum is also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre. It is located in the center of Rome, Italy.

The Colosseum is an elliptical structure measuring approximately 189 meters long, 156 meters wide, and 50 meters high. It has four main levels: the first three with arches and the fourth with a solid wall and small windows.

The Colosseum was primarily used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as animal hunts, mock sea battles, executions, and dramas based on Classical mythology. It featured a retractable awning (velarium) to protect spectators from the sun.

Over the centuries, the Colosseum suffered damage due to natural disasters such as earthquakes and fires. It has been the subject of numerous restoration efforts, especially since the 18th century.

The Colosseum is a symbol of Imperial Rome and an iconic representation of Roman engineering and architecture. It is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Rome, drawing millions of visitors annually.

In 1980, it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site, along with the entire historic center of Rome.

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drawing before ancient rome gladiator original underground roman today history old

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Artemis, in Greek religion, the goddess of wild animals, the hunt, and vegetation and of chastity and childbirth

Facts abaout temple of Artemis

1.Location and Dedication: The Temple of Artemis was located in the ancient city of Ephesus, which is in modern-day Turkey. It was dedicated to the goddess Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt, wilderness, and fertility.

2.Construction and Architecture: The temple was renowned for its grand scale and magnificent marble construction. The most famous version of the temple was built around 550 BCE and was designed by the architect Chersiphron and his son Metagenes. It featured 127 columns, each 60 feet tall, making it one of the largest temples of the ancient world.

3.Destruction and Legacy: The Temple of Artemis was destroyed and rebuilt multiple times throughout its history. It was first destroyed in a flood around the 7th century BCE, rebuilt, and then famously burned down by Herostratus in 356 BCE in an act of arson. It was again rebuilt, but eventually destroyed by the Goths in 262 CE. Despite its ultimate destruction, the legacy of the temple endures through historical texts and archaeological remnants.

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The ancient city of Petra, Jordan, is located in a remote valley, nestled among sandstone mountains and cliffs. It was purported to be one of the places where Moses struck a rock and water gushed forth. Later the Nabataeans, an Arab tribe, made it their capital, and during this time it flourished, becoming an important trade center, especially for spices.

Noted carvers, the Nabataeans chiseled dwellings, temples, and tombs into the sandstone, which changed color with the shifting sun. In addition, they constructed a water system that allowed for lush gardens and farming. At its height, Petra reportedly had a population of 30,000. The city began to decline, however, as trade routes shifted.

A major earthquake in 363 CE caused more difficulty, and after another tremor hit in 551, Petra was gradually abandoned. Although rediscovered in 1912, it was largely ignored by archaeologists until the late 20th century, and many questions remain about the city.

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Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Incan city in Peru, rediscovered in 1911. Known for its stone buildings and stunning mountain views, it's a UNESCO World Heritage site and a top tourist attraction.

Here are some facts about this place:

- Altitude: The site is situated at approximately 2,430 meters (7,970 feet) above sea level.

- Construction: Built in the mid-15th century during the reign of Inca emperor Pachacuti, it showcases sophisticated dry-stone construction with precisely cut stones that fit together without mortar.

- Rediscovery: Machu Picchu was brought to international attention by American historian Hiram Bingham in 1911, although it was known to locals.

- Architecture:

- Intihuatana Stone: Believed to be an astronomical clock or calendar.

- Temple of the Sun: Used for ceremonial purposes.

- Room of the Three Windows: Offers panoramic views and exemplifies Incan stonework.

- Divisions: The site is divided into agricultural terraces and an urban sector, which includes temples, plazas, and residential buildings.

- Water Management: Features an advanced system of aqueducts and terraces to manage water flow and prevent erosion.

- Biodiversity: The surrounding area is rich in unique plant species and wildlife, including spectacled bears and over 400 species of birds.

- UNESCO Status: Designated a World Heritage site in 1983 due to its cultural, historical, and architectural significance.

- Tourism: Recognized as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, Machu Picchu attracts millions of visitors each year.

- Purpose: It is believed to have served as a royal estate or a religious site, reflecting the Inca civilization's advanced engineering and spiritual beliefs.

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One of the seven wonders of the world 📜

Located in Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq

Believed to have been built around 600 BCE by King Nebuchadnezzar II

Notable for its terraced gardens, water cascades, and exotic flora

Historical accounts suggest it was a marvel of engineering and horticulture- Described as an oasis of greenery and beauty amidst the desert landscape

Place: Near present-day Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq

Time Period: Believed to have been built around 600 BCE

Builder: King Nebuchadnezzar II

Description:

-> Terraced gardens with cascading water features

-> Exotic flora and lush greenery

-> Considered a marvel of ancient engineering and horticulture

Historical Significance:

One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, showcasing human creativity and innovation in ancient times.

Purpose:

Believed by some historians to have been constructed as a symbol of King Nebuchadnezzar II's love for his wife Amytis, who missed the green mountains and valleys of her homeland.

Construction:

The gardens were built on a series of terraces, possibly with brick walls to hold the soil in place and prevent erosion.

Water Supply:

Ingenious irrigation systems were likely employed to supply water to the gardens, possibly using a combination of manually operated pumps and aqueducts.

Mystery:

Despite being extensively described in ancient texts, including writings by Herodotus and Strabo, there is debate among historians and archaeologists about the exact location and existence of the gardens.

Legacy:

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon have left a lasting impact on human imagination, inspiring numerous works of art, literature, and even architectural designs throughout history.

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A stunning oasis in the middle of the dry desert, adorned by the arid Babylonian cityscape with cascading greenery evoking a timeless sense of natural splendour ✨

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A tomb built between 353 and 350 BC in Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus

The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene

Approximately 45 m (148 ft) in height, and the four sides were adorned with sculptural reliefs

Contained a total of 400 freestanding sculptures

Destroyed by successive earthquakes from the 12th to the 15th century

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Located in Petra, Jordan

Was built by the Nabateans, who were Arab people who inhabited northern Arabia and the southern Levant

The Nabatean Kingdom was also allied with the Roman Empire

It is believed to have been built in the early 1st century CE, during the reign of the Nabataean king Aretas IV (9 BCE – 40 CE).

The architechture and design was heavily influenced by Hellenistic (Ancient Greek world)

Its purpose was to serve as the burial place of Aretas IV, the most successful Nabatean ruler. He lived and died in the 1st Century AD

Legend says that there is loot hidden in a stone urn on the second level, which is why the inside is off limits to visitors

On the tips of the “roof” are two eagles, who represent Nabatean male deities. And on the lower levels are Castor and Pollux, Greek twin gods whose duty was to protect the dead on their travels in the underworld.

It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985

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The Great Pyramid of Giza, also known as the Pyramid of Khufu, is a marvel of ancient engineering and has fascinated people for millennia. Here are some incredible facts about this iconic structure:

Height and Dimensions**: Originally, the Great Pyramid stood at about 146.6 meters (481 feet), but today it is around 138.8 meters (455 feet) due to the loss of the outer casing stones and the topmost stone (pyramidion). Each side of the pyramid's base is about 230.4 meters (756 feet) long.

Casing Stones**: Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered in highly polished Tura limestone casing stones that reflected the sun's light and made the pyramid shine brilliantly. Some of these casing stones can still be seen at the base of the pyramid.

Mysteries of Construction**: Despite extensive research, the exact methods used to construct the Great Pyramid remain a topic of debate and mystery. Theories range from the use of straight or spiral ramps to more complex methods involving counterweights.

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An amphitheatre in Rome

Also called=Flavian Amphitheatre

An elliptical structure made of stone, concrete, tuff

Used for=Gladiatorial combat

Could hold=50,000 spectators

Construction began under= Roman emperor Vespasian (70 - 72 CE)

Built by=enslaved Jews from Judaea

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Seven Wonders of The World-Roman Colosseum

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Seven Wonders of The World-Roman Colosseum

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What is Colosseum?

An amphitheatre built in Rome under the Flavian emperors of the Roman Empire.

Who build it?

Construction of the Colosseum began under the Roman emperor Vespasian between 70 and 72 CE. The completed structure was dedicated in 80 CE by Titus, Vespasian’s son and successor. The Colosseum’s 4th story was added by the emperor Domitian in 82 CE.

What happened to Colosseum?

The Colosseum fell into serious disrepair after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Why was it build?

An imperial effort to revitalise Rome after the tumultuous year of the four emperors

Why is it important today?

The Colosseum stands today as a monument to ancient Rome’s architectural and engineering prowess. It is also a major source of tourism revenue for the Italian government.

Where is it located?

Located just east of the Palatine Hill, on the grounds of what was Nero’s Golden House. The artificial lake that was the centrepiece of that palace complex was drained, and the Colosseum was sited there, a decision that was as much symbolic as it was practical.

Because.. Vespasian, whose path to the throne had relatively humble beginnings, chose to replace the tyrannical emperor’s private lake with a public amphitheater that could host tens of thousands of Romans.

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one of the only 7 wonders listed by Hellenic culture

described as remarkable feat of engineering

containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines

said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon (present-day Hillah, Babil province, Iraq)

name is derived from the Greek word κρεμαστόs (refers to trees being planted on a raised structure such as a terrace)

the only one of the Seven Wonders for which the location has not been definitively established

no extant Babylonian texts that mention the gardens

no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.

legend says King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon had the gardens built as a gift to his wife Semiramis, a Persian princess(ease her homesickness for the green forests of her homeland)

built in 600 BC and was destroyed by earthquake in 226 BC

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also known as the Pharos of Alexandria

stood on the island of Pharos in the harbour of Alexandria, Egypt

more than 350 feet high

built during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphius (283-246 BCE)

designed by: Greek architect, Sostratus of Cnidus

built in 3 stages

1) lowest --> square

2) middle --> octagonal

3) top --> cylindrical

a broad spiral ramp led to the top, where a fire burned at night

purpose of building: served as a navigational aid for sailors & a landmark for the busy harbour of Alexandria

symbolism: represented technological & architectural prowess of the Hellenistic period

destruction: suffered damage from several earthquakes between 956 & 1323 BCE and eventually collapsed

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- a 15th century Inca citadel.
- Located in the Eastern Cordillera of Southern Peru.
- Often referred to as The Lost City of The Incas.
- There are no existing written records detailing Machu Picchu during it's active use.
- Everything we know about Machu Picchu are based on physical evidence at the site.
- Three primary structures : Temple of The Sun, Temple of The Three Windows and the Intihuatana.
- Most of the structures have been reconstructed to give a better idea of it's original appearance.
- By 1976, 30% of Machu Picchu had been restored.
- In 1983, Machu Picchu was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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The Great Wall was built over several dynasties, with the earliest walls dating back to the 7th century BCE. The most famous sections were constructed during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). It was originally built to protect Chinese states and empires from invasions and raids by nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe. It also served to control immigration and emigration, and as a means of imposing duties on goods transported along the Silk Road. While it was never entirely foolproof, the Great Wall provided significant defense against invasions, particularly during the Ming Dynasty when it helped defend against the Mongols.