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Information processing theory is a cognitive psychology theory that studies mental processes involved in acquiring, storing, and using knowledge. It focuses on the flow of information as it is passed from one stage to another within a person’s mind. There are three types of information processing theories. Serial Processing Theory proposes that information is processed one step at a time in the order received. Parallel Processing Theory suggests that multiple pieces of information can be processed simultaneously instead of sequentially. Lastly, Hierarchical Processing Theory suggests that different levels of complexity exist within cognitive processes, with higher-level tasks requiring more complex mental operations than lower-level tasks.

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Why is Information Processing Theory Important?

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Why is Information Processing Theory Important?

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Information processing theory is an important tool for understanding cognitive processes and the way humans acquire, store, and use knowledge. By examining different types of information processing as well as real-world examples of them in action, we can better understand how our minds work and why certain tasks require more effort than others.

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How to apply and improve Information Processing Theory

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How to apply and improve Information Processing Theory

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Information processing theory can be applied in a variety of different ways. For example, it can help provide insight into how students learn and how best to structure educational material for maximum comprehension. Improving your information processing skills requires practice and dedication. You can do so by utilizing memory techniques such as mnemonic devices and chunking in order to better remember the material as well as taking notes while studying or reading in order to reinforce important concepts.

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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

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Gardner proposed that there are eight intelligences, and has suggested the possible addition of a ninth known as "existentialist intelligence." These theories suggest that traditional psychometric views of intelligence are too limited.

The eight intelligences according to Gardner are:

1. Visual-spatial

2. Linguistic-verbal

3. Logical-mathematical

4. Body-kinesthetic

5. Musical

6. Interpersonal

7. Intrapersonal

8. Naturalistic

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People who are strong in visual-spatial intelligence are good at visualizing things. These individuals are often good with directions as well as maps, charts, videos, and pictures.

Characteristics

People with visual-spatial intelligence:

-Read and write for enjoyment

-Are good at putting puzzles together

-Interpret pictures, graphs, and charts well

-Enjoy drawing, painting, and the visual arts

-Recognize patterns easily

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People who are strong in linguistic-verbal intelligence are able to use words well, both when writing and speaking. These individuals are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing information, and reading.

Characteristics

People with linguistic-verbal intelligence:

-Remember written and spoken information

-Enjoy reading and writing

-Debate or give persuasive speeches

-Are able to explain things well

-Use humor when telling stories

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People who are strong in logical-mathematical intelligence are good at reasoning, recognizing patterns, and logically analyzing problems. These individuals tend to think conceptually about numbers, relationships, and patterns.

Characteristics

-People with logical-mathematical intelligence:

-Have excellent problem-solving skills

-Enjoy thinking about abstract ideas

-Like conducting scientific experiments

-Can solve complex computations

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Those who have high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence are said to be good at body movement, performing actions, and physical control. People who are strong in this area tend to have excellent hand-eye coordination and dexterity.

Characteristics

People with bodily-kinesthetic intelligence:

-Are skilled at dancing and sports

-Enjoy creating things with his or her hands

-Have excellent physical coordination

-Remember by doing, rather than hearing or seeing

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People who have strong musical intelligence are good at thinking in patterns, rhythms, and sounds. They have a strong appreciation for music and are often good at musical composition and performance.

Characteristics

People with musical intelligence:

-Enjoy singing and playing musical instruments

-Recognize musical patterns and tones easily

-Remember songs and melodies

-Have a rich understanding of musical structure, rhythm, and notes

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Those who have strong interpersonal intelligence are good at understanding and interacting with other people. These individuals are skilled at assessing the emotions, motivations, desires, and intentions of those around them.

Characteristics

People with interpersonal intelligence:

-Communicate well verbally

-Are skilled at nonverbal communication

-See situations from different perspectives

-Create positive relationships with others

-Resolve conflicts in group settings

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Individuals who are strong in intrapersonal intelligence are good at being aware of their own emotional states, feelings, and motivations. They tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including daydreaming, exploring relationships with others, and assessing their personal strengths.

Characteristics

People with intrapersonal intelligence:

-Analyze their strengths and weaknesses well

-Enjoy analyzing theories and ideas

-Have excellent self-awareness

-Understand the basis for his or her own motivations and feelings

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Naturalistic is the most recent addition to Gardner’s theory and has been met with more resistance than his original seven intelligences. According to Gardner, individuals who are high in this type of intelligence are more in tune with nature and are often interested in nurturing, exploring the environment, and learning about other species. These individuals are said to be highly aware of even subtle changes to their environments.

Characteristics

People with naturalistic intelligence:

-Are interested in subjects such as botany, biology, and zoology

-Categorize and catalog information easily

-Enjoy camping, gardening, hiking, and exploring the outdoors

-Dislikes learning unfamiliar topics that have no connection to nature

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Existential intelligence is the ninth type of intelligence suggested as an addition to Gardner's original theory. He described existential intelligence as an ability to delve into deeper questions about life and existence. People with this type of intelligence contemplate the "big" questions about topics such as the meaning of life and how actions can serve larger goals.

Characteristics

People with existential intelligence:

-Have a long-term outlook

-Consider how current actions influence future outcomes

-Interest in questions about the meaning of life and death

-Strong interest and concern for others

-The ability to see situations from an outside perspective

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Gardner’s theory has come under criticism from both psychologists and educators. These critics argue that Gardner’s definition of intelligence is too broad and that his eight different "intelligences" simply represent talents, personality traits, and abilities. Gardner’s theory also suffers from a lack of supporting empirical research. Despite this, the theory of multiple intelligences enjoys considerable popularity with educators. Many teachers utilize multiple intelligences in their teaching philosophies and work to integrate Gardner’s theory into the classroom.