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Addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder identified by compulsive drug use and loss of control over drug intake.  

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Addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder identified by compulsive drug use and loss of control over drug intake.  

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Addiction is a complex, and chronic condition that involves both biological and psychological factors.

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The Neurobiology of addiction has been studied a lot and researchers came up with a Heuristics Framework that helps understand the different stages of addiction.  

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The Neurobiology of addiction has been studied a lot and researchers came up with a Heuristics Framework that helps understand the different stages of addiction.  

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Impulsivity dominates the early stages of addiction, and compulsivity dominates the later terminal stages.

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Binge/Intoxication-

During this phase the individual takes a substance that makes them experience intense euphoria.

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Understanding the role of the brain's stress and antistress systems in addiction provides: 

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Understanding the role of the brain's stress and antistress systems in addiction provides: 

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A population for treatment.

Prevention of addiction.

Insights into the organization and function of basic brain emotional circuitry.

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all influenced by allostatic changes in the brain.  

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Key features of addiction such as:  reward anticipation, cravings, negative affect, and impaired executive functions are 

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Key features of addiction such as:  reward anticipation, cravings, negative affect, and impaired executive functions are 

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An allostatic view is defined as allostasis or stability through change and has most often been connected to challenges with homeostasis.

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"Addiction and stress: an allostatic view."

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"Addiction and stress: an allostatic view."

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Repeated life stressors with no "down time" can lead to disease or a diseased type of state.

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Withdrawal/Negative Affect-

After the pleasurable experience of using substances, the individual experiences withdrawal and negative feeling start to arise.

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Preoccupation/Anticipation (Craving)-

The individual's focus is on obtaining the substance to help stop the negative feelings that they are feeling from withdrawing from drugs, and their own uncomfortable emotions.

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Once an individual's addiction moves from impulsivity to compulsivity a shift happens from positive reinforcement, driving the motivated behavior to negative reinforcement.

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Plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of drug addiction.

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Brain's stress/antistress systems and addiction.

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Brain's stress/antistress systems and addiction.

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Addiction and stress: An allostatic View.

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Addiction and stress: An allostatic View.

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Stress leads to changes in corticotropin-releasing factors (CRF) in the brains that impacts addiction.

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Animal models were giving specific drugs; such as stimulants, opioids, alcohol, nicotine, and THC.

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increasing their own drug intake, and how the rats would work harder to get their substance.