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THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES TURNED 200 YEARS

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THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE UNITED STATES TURNED 200 YEARS

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In December, Mexico and the United States commemorated the bicentennial of their bilateral diplomatic relations, which have among their priorities issues such as the fight against crime, migration, trade and the energy transition.

The coming year will also be important for the relationship between neighboring countries and will begin with the celebration of the North American Leaders Summit between Mexico, the United States and Canada, which will take place next January in the Mexican capital and will be the first visit of Joe Good to Mexico.

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Mexico's entry into World War II in 1942 was prompted by the sinking of two Mexican oil tankers by German U-boats and marked a pivotal moment in its history. President Manuel Ávila Camacho announced Mexico's decision to join the Allies, emphasizing its commitment to freedom and democracy. Mexico became a crucial supplier of oil to the Allies and contributed militarily with the Escuadrón 201 in the Pacific theater. Its participation showcased its determination to defend democratic values and solidified its role in international affairs.

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Last April 10, at AS México we covered an event never seen before in the country. In the nation, the Mandate Revocation Consultation was carried out , a participation instrument requested by citizens to determine whether or not the head of the executive was still in the presidency, based on the loss of confidence.

The exercise was proposed by AMLO himself. On the ballot, the Mexicans who were part of the electoral roll had to answer the following question: Do you agree that Andrés Manuel López Obrador , President of the United Mexican States, should have his mandate revoked due to loss of confidence or should he continue? in the Presidency of the Republic until his term ends?

The results of the Mandate Revocation Consultation indicated that, of the more than 16 million votes that were computerized, one million 63 thousand 209, that is, 6.44%, agreed that AMLO's position should be revoked. On the other hand, 15 million 159 thousand 323, that is, 91.86%, requested that the president conclude his administration in 2024, as planned.

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The nationalization of oil in Mexico in 1938 was a historically significant event that took place during the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas. On March 18, 1938, President Cárdenas issued a decree that nationalized the oil industry in Mexico, expropriating all assets of foreign oil companies and creating the state-owned company Petróleos Mexicanos (PEMEX).

The nationalization was a response to the refusal of foreign oil companies, mainly American and British, to accept the terms of Mexico's new oil law, which sought to ensure greater state participation in the oil industry and a more equitable distribution of benefits. Faced with the companies' refusal, the Mexican government decided to take control of the industry.

The nationalization of oil was a milestone in Mexico's history, as it marked the beginning of a policy of energy sovereignty and greater state control over the country's natural resources. Cárdenas's decision was widely supported by the Mexican population and helped consolidate his image as a nationalist and progressive leader.

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The Battle of Ciudad Juárez was a turning point in the Mexican Revolution as it led to the ousting of President Porfirio Díaz, who had ruled Mexico for over three decades with an iron fist. Francisco I. Madero's victory in Ciudad Juárez not only symbolized the end of Díaz's authoritarian regime but also ignited widespread popular support for Madero's vision of democratic reform and social justice. This event inspired various factions to join the revolutionary movement, ultimately leading to a decade-long struggle for power and the restructuring of Mexican society.

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Energy Reform (2013-2014): The Energy Reform, promoted by President Enrique Peña Nieto and approved in 2013, was one of the most significant initiatives of his administration. This reform opened Mexico's energy sector to private investment for the first time in 75 years, allowing foreign and domestic companies to participate in the exploration and extraction of oil and gas, as well as in the generation and distribution of electricity. The reform also aimed to modernize Pemex and the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE) to make them more competitive. However, the implementation of the reform sparked controversies and debates, as some sectors argued that the measure was a disguised privatization that could affect the country's energy sovereignty

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1. 2018 Presidential Election: The 2018 presidential election was a historic event in Mexico, as Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) won with a resounding majority, obtaining 53% of the votes. Representing the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), AMLO capitalized on widespread discontent with corruption and violence in the country, promising a "fourth transformation" of Mexico. His victory marked a drastic shift in the political landscape, displacing traditional parties like the PRI and the PAN from power. Since taking office, AMLO has implemented policies focused on austerity, combating corruption, and strengthening social programs.

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1. Disappearance of the 43 Ayotzinapa Students (2014): The disappearance of 43 students from the Ayotzinapa Rural Teachers' College in Iguala, Guerrero, on September 26, 2014, was an event that shocked Mexico and had international repercussions. The students were intercepted by local police and handed over to a criminal group, sparking a wave of protests and demands for justice across the country. The official investigation was criticized for its lack of transparency and procedural failures, leading to a credibility crisis for Peña Nieto's government. The case remains open, and the victims' families continue to fight for truth and justice.

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Treaty between Mexico, the United States and Canada (USMCA)

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Treaty between Mexico, the United States and Canada (USMCA)

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The USMCA is the successor to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was in force since 1994. NAFTA was a historic agreement that sought to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the three countries, encouraging greater economic integration. Formal negotiations began in August 2017. It was a complex process involving multiple rounds of negotiations, with representatives from all three countries working to reach an agreement that satisfied all parties. One of the most significant changes was the increase in the regional content required for automobiles to qualify for free trade, from 62.5% under NAFTA to 75% under the USMCA. Also included are new rules requiring that 40% to 45% of automotive content be produced by workers earning at least $16 an hour. And after more than a year of intense negotiations, the USMCA was signed by the leaders of the three countries on November 30, 2018, during the G20 summit in Buenos Aires.

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Labor laws in Mexico have gone through several significant transformations since the promulgation of the Federal Labor Law in 1931. Recent labor reforms have focused on modernizing the legal framework to adapt to the needs of the current labor market and comply with international commitments, like those included in the T-MEC. One of the most significant changes was the creation of labor courts independent of the Executive Branch, replacing the Conciliation and Arbitration Boards. This change seeks to guarantee more impartial and efficient labor justice, and the Federal Center for Conciliation and Labor Registration was established, in charge of registering unions and collective contracts, as well as organizing conciliation processes. The reforms allow Mexico to meet its international commitments, particularly those established in the USMCA, which is crucial to maintaining trade relations and attracting foreign investment, although effective implementation of these reforms remains a challenge. It is necessary to ensure that the new institutions and procedures work correctly and that labor market actors adapt to the new rules.

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Osiris Abigail Lucas Téllez

David Elias Vargas Ayala

Gabriel Alejandro Zúñiga Morales