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The cost of living crisis refers to a period of time which the cost of everyday essentials e.g. bills and food increases more than average. In October 2022, prices of consumer goods and services rose by 9.6% which is the fastest rate in four decades. There are many things that has contributed to the cost of living crisis. Brexit has contributed which is where the Britain leaving the European Union and leaving it made the pound weaker meaning that people get less for their money. Covid-19 contributed to the cost of living. Also the wars contributed which led to the prices of oil and disrupted other exports including food, metals and gas. The impact of living is increasing, there is less 'disposable income' for people to spend on luxuries.

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A social change in travel and tourism is that the grey mark who are the older generation are living longer as we have better health care. As they are still feeling healthy they are still able to go on holiday. The grey market have more disposable income as they don't have a mortgage to pay and have their pension and more free time making them an important customer type and tourism organisations. The older generation can go on holiday during school time as they don't have young children so they can go on cheap holidays. Saga Holidays is an example of a tour operator who specialises in holidays for over 50's.

Millennials represent the age group born during the mid 90's to early 2000's. Millennials has changed the the travel and tourism industry because of the use of social media has made people want to go on holiday to certain places because people are seeing influencers and celebrities go to these places and wanting to go where they go. The millennial generation are having children later in life and living at home for longer so they have more disposable income and they can go on holiday when students are still at school so its cheaper to go on holiday. They are staying in education longer wanting better jobs as they are more educated and have high income.

Solo travel as a global trend has continued to grow since October 2019. Solo travel has made up around 18% of global bookings, solo travel is becoming more popular than ever by increasing 7% in last year alone. 38% of the people have been solo travelling said they will travel solo again. Hotelscan.com noticed 170% increase in the last 12 months for those looking to book a room for themselves with popular destinations including Thailand, Peru, Sydney, Portugal and Vietnam. Even cruise operators have had to adjust their offerings to cater for higher numbers of passengers travelling alone. Norwegian cruises adapted to this trend by launching studio rooms especially designed for single travellers.

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In 2016 the UK voted to leave the European Union. Leaving the European Union has affected the Travel and Tourism industry. Leaving the Union it has affected the length of stay you can stay in Europe for longer than 90 days. If tourists want to stay in Europe for longer than 90 days they will need a visa which costs money. Holidays are costing more as you have to pay for insurance, visas and if you need to use your phone data you will need to pay extra to be able to use it. UK tourists can no longer be able to use EU-fast track passport control and customs lanes, so spend longer in immigration procedures after getting off the flight. Since 2022 British visitors need to register online and pay in advance for a 'Etias' Visa which is approximately £7 for 3 year permit.

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Covid-19 affected the Travel and Tourism industry. It affected a lot the Travel companies such as TUI reported 2.7 billion loss of money because of having to pay customers back but to save money they got customers to book for a further date with them and give them a voucher of the money they have already paid towards the holiday. A lot of job loses in the industry as they couldn't pay for there staff. British Airways cut 1200 jobs due to collapse in business because of the pandemic. When people could start travelling again they had to make sure they tested negative and then it changed to making you have a vaccines to be able to travel.

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In 2017 approximately 83% of people booked their holidays online. Our mobile phones has become our tour guide, travel agency, best restaurant locator, map and more. its by our side during the entire purchase journey, In fact, according to trip advisor 45% of users use their smartphone for everything having to do with their holidays. Other ways travel companies use technology is booking online, ordering at the table and online check-in. Hilton have introduced a app where customers can pick what room you want, what time you will be arriving and what time you want to check out. This will be very beneficial to business people as they have very tight schedules so they can check in and check out when they want and can see if they can have a room with a desk in so they can do their work on it.

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Navigate is a platform that is used on TUI cruises. It allows customers to book photoshoots, excursions and book tables at their speciality restaurants. Navigate also shows customers their itinerary and the cruise timetable of what's happening that day and where to go to take part. The problem with this app is the older generation aren't as good on their phones or don't have phones that can download apps like these so this is a problem.

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Airlines have realised the importance of Wi-Fi and how the feature is important to their customers. Wi-Fi is available in the air depending on the airline customers are flying with, many airlines, like British Airways, offer Wi-Fi for a small fee but there are a handful of airlines that have free Wi-Fi onboard, Emirates and Turkish Airlines.

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Prior to online check-in people used to spend hours in a queue to check-in at the airport. Thanks to technology it has cut down the queue as most airlines allow customers to check in up to 24 hours before their flight departs.

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Birmingham Airport are building a new security screening area which will result in a speedier and simpler pre-flight screening process which means that they can serve more passengers per hour at peak times.

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https://cruisemiss.com/2018/07/11/why-are-cruises-so-popular/

https://www.carricktravel.com/blog/so-why-is-cruising-so-popular-these-days/

www.mintel.com/press-centre/travel/pushing-the-boat-out-cruise-sector-set-to-grow-faster-than-the-wider-overseas-holiday-market

Package Travel Regulations Explained by Protected Trust Services (2018) – YouTube

Coronavirus boosts UK holiday bookings as demand for flights slows | United Kingdom holidays | The Guardian

Holiday_Habits_Report_2017_0.pdf (abta.com)

Online ‘firmly established’ as people’s preferred method of booking holidays - Travel Gossip

Tourism and Technology: How Tech is Revolutionizing Travel (wearemarketing.com)

www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/tui-closure-news-travel-agent-stores-coronavirus-latest-a9645501.html

How Technology is Changing the Travel and Tourism Industry - GeeklessTech

Package holiday demand dips as UK cost of living crisis hits budgets | Travel & leisure | The Guardian

Cost of living ‘to impact almost half of people’s holiday plans’ | Travel Weekly

How Has the Pandemic Impacted Inflation - Nationwide Financial

Ukraine conflict threatens Europe’s recovery and mass poverty (eib.org)