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Before I describe my experiences with the Mac OS, I would first like to discuss the history of the Mac operating system and why it is important.The Mac OS is older than Microsoft Windows, and it's seen considerably more releases than its counterpart. The first version, then simply called System 1.0, appeared in 1984. The first edition of Windows was released in 1985, over a year-and-a-half later.

The original Mac OS is seen by many as the first graphical user interface that breached the mass market. This is partially true, but it certainly was not the first ever publicly available Graphical User Interface (GUI).

The Lisa Office System

From a purely Apple perspective, the Mac OS has its roots in an earlier Apple computer, the Lisa. The Lisa was a revolutionary computer that was the one of the first to sport a GUI as its connection to the end user. It was released in 1983, one year before the first Mac, and despite its groundbreaking design, it was overpriced (it cost £10,000 in 1983!) - and doomed to failure because of it.

The Lisa Office System was the name of its GUI, and the future Mac System 1.0 would take many of its interface design concepts from the Lisa. So although the Mac took the GUI idea and made it popular, the Lisa was the trailblazer that made it possible.

Xerox PARC

But the concept of a GUI was not created at Apple's R&D labs; it was invented by Xerox in the 1970s at their Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Xerox founded PARC to serve as a base for new ideas that could in turn be marketed and sold as consumer products.

The biggest thing to come out of PARC, shortly after its founding, was a new computer designed by the PARC engineers that completely rewrote the book of what a computer should be and how it should operate. This computer was the Xerox Alto - and a world shattering piece of hardware it was. It was the first computer to use a bit-mapped display to show graphics - and to use a mouse to operate its GUI. It established the desktop metaphor we now take for granted in computing, as well various other technologies such as ethernet (another PARC innovation).

The PARC team never intended for this revolutionary machine to be mass marketed, and therefore its use was restricted to university labs and similar institutions. Bear in mind that was all done in 1973, long before the term "personal computer" was widely known (the first three preassembled personal computers - the Apple II, Commodore PET, and Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 - came to market in 1977).

It took a 1979 visit from Steve Jobs of the fledgling Apple (then five years old) for anyone to realize the potential in the GUI as a mass market device, and subsequently the Lisa was created.

In 1981, Xerox released their own home computer, the Star, which was based upon the research of the PARC team. This was the very first home computer with all the features that we know associate with the PC and Mac, but ineptitude on the part of Xerox to market it properly (as well as a hefty £10,000 price tag) doomed it to obscurity.

The Macintosh

All of this led to the birth of the Macintosh, the first successful computer to incorporate the mouse and the GUI, with its series of office metaphors, to make it easy to use. It may not have been the first computer to use these concepts, but it was the first to introduce them to "the rest of us".

Because of this, the original 1984 Macintosh was revolutionary. It's difficult to imagine in this day and age, but just think in 1984, trying to show someone with no knowledge of computers, how to use a peculiar device called the mouse. That was the very task that the Mac excelled at performing.

The Mac system software itself has a long and tumultuous history that I won't describe in detail here. Suffice to say that since its first release in 1984, it has changed considerably and gone through many guises to get where it is now.

What is now called the Classic Mac OS began in 1984 and ended with the release of Mac OS 9.2.2 in 2001. Through its career, the Classic Mac OS took everything from the previous version and added new features and modern technology to it. The end result was a chaotic mix of old and new technology that, despite it's somewhat convoluted development, came to be a reliable and stable operating environment still used today.

Mac System 1.0 (1984) and Mac OS 9 (2004)

Mac OS X

The modern incarnation of the Mac OS began in 2001 with OS X 10.0 Cheetah. It was born out of the necessity to bring the Mac into the 21 st century with a completely new and modern operating system built from scratch. It shares no code with the Classic Mac OS and bears no lineage with it, save for the name. For all intents and purposes, it's a completely different piece of software.

Mac OS X has its own history that begins in the form of another OS called NeXTstep from a company called NeXT Computer, which was founded by none other Apple's own co-founder Steve Jobs.

Steve Jobs left Apple in 1985 for reasons that could fill a novel, and when he did he founded a new company, named it NeXT Computer, and set about creating a new series of computers that would outdo the Macintosh for all its innovations.

When these new computers finally appeared ( the first one in 1988), they contained an advanced operating system called NeXTstep that had many new ideas. These included true multitasking, a 3D appearance for buttons and icons, system-wide drag and drop, and properties dialog boxes, as well other innovations "under the hood".

The NeXT computers themselves were highly advanced but not very successful (a common theme of new GUI technology), and NeXT subsequently was purchased by Apple in 1996. At this time Apple, who were struggling to update their own aging Mac OS, wanted to buy new technology with which to compete with Microsoft. Their search led them to NeXT, which had this technology, and the deal was done. This brought Steve Jobs back to Apple, and immediately thereafter the R&D labs set about dissecting NeXTstep and incorporating its ideas and concepts into a new highly advanced Mac OS. This became Mac OS X.

Trevor Wale originally wrote this as part of a project at school. We've adapted it for use on Low End Mac and broken it down into a series of articles encompassing his years with Windows and his switch to the Macintosh. dk

Next: My Experiences with Mac OS X

Keywords: #nextstep #macos #classicmacos

Short link: https://goo.gl/V5YSS5

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Before I describe my experiences with the Mac OS, I would first like to discuss the history of the Mac operating system and why it is important.The Mac OS is older than Microsoft Windows, and it's seen considerably more releases than its counterpart. The first version, then simply called System 1.0, appeared in 1984.

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Barbie Websites through the years (1997-2016)

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Yiwu is a city in the Zhejiang province of China, South of Shanghai. It hosts China Commodities City, famous for being the largest small commodity wholesale market in the world. 70,000 stalls exhibit multiple and slight variations on a particular item, from inflatable toys and toilet seats to football scarves. Each individual seller occupies a space consumed by the items that make them their living. They sell orders by the thousand to be exported across complex logistics networks, to a world of dispersed consumers.

The project was conceived as an analogy to the manufacturing processes utilised in the factories surrounding Yiwu. The photographer becomes the assembly line generating hundreds of images in a repetitive manner, to be exhibited as a highly saturated and chaotic installation of consumer excess, and ultimately to be consumed by a foreign audience.

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Yiwu is a city in the Zhejiang province of China, South of Shanghai. It hosts China Commodities City, famous for being the largest small commodity wholesale market in the world. 70,000 stalls exhibit multiple and slight variations on a particular item, from inflatable toys and toilet seats to football scarves.

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Welcome to the Minecraft Wiki!A wiki about Minecraft, an indie game developed by Mojang Studios.We currently have 2 active users and 564,661 edits.

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A comprehensive, frequently updated database about [[American Girl]] including products, characters, books, and media.

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In October 2009 we archived our olden cities of the web: The unique pages on "GeoCities.com" just before they were taken down. Geocities started in 1994 and was the first giant "social network" and one of the most important websites in the world until it was closed on 27.10.2009. Our aim is to save those pages which are worthy and unique scientific sources or are of great public interest as well as those, which are historically interesting or just representing the 90's website culture and style. If you are interested in these old pages feel free to browse around. Please note: it will be a while until all pages are sorted, complete and free of any spam contents! In case you are searching for your own personal site, there is a small chance that we have it but have not put it online yet. In case you want your own page, email or picture to be removed, contact us as well. For any questions, read our or contact us at oocities {AT} gmail {DOT} com

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Geocities Archive Geocities Mirror / The 90s Archive (1990s 2000s nineties) / The Early web

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oocities - geocities archive geocities mirror

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This page documents an unreleased version.

While there is proof of this version's existence, it was never released to the public.

Edition

Java Edition

Official name

Cave game tech test[1]
Cave Game tech demo[2]

Date developed

May 10/11, 2009 - May 13, 2009

Downloads

Client not archived

rd-131655 is the second unreleased pre-Classic version officially known as Cave game tech test [1] or Cave Game tech demo[2]. It was made on May 13, 2009, at 16:55 UTC.[3] This version was never released, but was recorded by Notch from around 17:00 UTC and uploaded at 17:36.[4] It is the earliest known version of Minecraft, or what was then known as Cave Game, to have been recorded.

Development of this version started around May 10[5] or May 11[6] and continued up to May 12, 2009.[7] Features were added that would be later seen in the Cave game tech test video released on May 13, 2009.

Additions [ ]

Blocks [ ]

Air

Not listed as a block at this time.

Stone

Made with the same graphics from Notch's game RubyDung.

Its texture at this time would later be repurposed for cobblestone.

Grass block

Made with the same graphics from RubyDung.

Grass generation is randomized, but it will only generate on fully lit tiles. The higher the Y level is, the more chance there will be of grass generating. At the top of the map, grass will generate on all fully lit tiles.

Non-mob entities [ ]

Player

Currently has no model.

Has a height of 1.7 blocks.

World generation [ ]

Chunks

Take about ¹⁄₁₀ of a second to generate each.[8]

The size of each chunk was 16×16 blocks.[9]
Chunks are 16×16 blocks instead of 8×8 because 8×8 chunks decreased performance.[3]

Chunks are loaded in order of their proximity to the player.[10]

Make a 256×64×256 tile map.
The game takes 20 seconds to generate a 256×64×256 map.[11]

It was possible to fall out of the world.
Falling off the edge of the world will not kill the player.

Caves

Reached down until a few blocks before the last layer of cobblestone, making a ravine.

General [ ]

Lighting

The lighting engine in Classic and Pre-Classic was simple, with only 2 light levels, bright and dark. "Sunlight" is emitted by the top edge of the map and hits any block that is under it, regardless of distance. It passes through transparent blocks to light blocks underneath. Blocks that do not receive light are in a dim shadow that remains at the same level of brightness no matter how far they are from a light source. Blocks which are darkened also have a layer of thick, black fog applied to them, appearing darker when looked at from further distances.[verify ] This caused weird visual glitches.

Creative mode

This was an extremely basic version of it. The player could not fly or place/remove blocks and there was no inventory or hotbar to get them from.

Respawning

Video [ ]

Original

Note: All videos from Nizzotch, Notch's YouTube channel, have been region-locked in all countries.

Archive

Gallery [ ]

Chunks are loaded very slowly in this version.

References [ ]

1. ↑ a "Cave game tech test" - (Archive) Nizzotch on YouTube, May 13, 2009b

2. ↑ a "Cave Game tech demo!" (archived) - The Word of Notch, May 13, 2009.b

3. ↑ a IRC logs: "[18:55:45] <Notch_> the chunk size is 16x16 now.." [...] "[18:56:47] <Notch_> 8x8 chunks are SLOWER"b

4. ↑ IRC logs: "[19:00:52] <Notch_> hmm, I wonder if I could make a vid of this" [...] "[19:14:02] <Notch_> haha, the video ended up at 1.05 GB" [...] "[19:15:36] <Notch_> well, this is annoying. I guess I have to recapture. Google has a limit of 2 gb" [...] "[19:36:42] <Notch_> upload complete, processing video" [...] "[19:50:18] <Notch_> ok, the quality is still crap until the processing finishes, but: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9t3FREAZ-k"

5. ↑ "About the game" (Archive) - Minecraft, June 2009.

6. ↑ Rotab's IRC Logs "(10:40:09) <@Notch> heh, the game game tech test video is from the 13'th"[...]"(10:40:18) <@Notch> that was after two days of work, so I started the 11'th, probably"

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rd-131655 is the second unreleased pre-Classic version officially known as Cave game tech test  or Cave Game tech demo. It was made on May 13, 2009, at 16:55 UTC. This version was never released, but was recorded by Notch from around 17:00 UTC and uploaded at 17:36.

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A block sound type is a set of sounds that blocks use when they are broken, placed, hit, fallen on, stepped on, jumped from,‌[Bedrock Edition only ] or landed on.‌[Bedrock Edition only ]

If a player is stepping on a carpet, crimson or warped roots, moss carpet, nether sprouts, or snow (blocks in the combination_step_sound_blocks block tag) then the step sound of the block underneath will play at ¹⁄ ₃ of the volume and ⁴⁄ ₅ of the pitch.‌[Java Edition only ]

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A block sound type is a set of sounds that blocks use when they are broken, placed, hit, fallen on, stepped on, jumped from,‌[Bedrock Edition only] or landed on.‌[Bedrock Edition only] If a player is stepping on a carpet, crimson or warped roots, moss carpet, nether sprouts, or snow (blocks in the combination_step_sound_blocks block tag) then the step sound of the block underneath will play at 1⁄3 of the volume and 4⁄5 of the pitch.‌[Java Edition only]

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Tradition archives, folklore archives, ethnographic archives, cultural archives... We are the cradles of Ethnology and Folklore studies and we are known by many names. Some of us are more than a hundred years old while others were founded last year. Every institution seems to be organised somewhat

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Jump to navigation Jump to search

The Guide is usually the first NPC a player encounters. He spawns near the player when the world is created. He provides tips mainly aimed at new players and displays crafting recipes (including the crafting station required) of items shown to him.

Unlike most other NPCs, the Guide spawns upon world creation, before a house is available. He will, however, move into the first house built. If he is killed, a proper house will need to be built before he can respawn, but he has no additional requirements.

On the Desktop version, Console version, and Mobile version, the Guide will defend himself against nearby enemies using a Wooden Bow and arrow, firing Wooden Arrows initially and then upgrading to Flaming Arrows in Hardmode. He deals 8 / 12 / 14 damage at the start of the game, and as players progress, he will gain various stat increases.[1]

Living preferences

For more information, see NPC happiness.

Shimmered form

Shimmered Guide and his Map Icon.

When submerged in Shimmer, the Guide will transform into his Shimmered form. This has no impact on gameplay or dialogue and is only a visual change. He can be returned to his classic look by submerging him in Shimmer again.

Notes

While NPCs cannot usually be attacked directly by players, the Guide Voodoo Doll will allow players to attack the Guide.

Killing the Guide in the Underworld via use of a Guide Voodoo Doll, or (on Desktop, Console, and Mobile) allowing the Guide to die in the Underworld while he is in contact with lava[2], will summon the Wall of Flesh.

The Guide, like any other friendly NPC, will not respawn unless it is day.

The Guide does not display the crafting recipes of shimmer.

The Guide's crafting tips for weapons show adjusted damage and critical strike chance based on any bonuses the player currently has equipped, such as the Molten armor's set bonus. Unequip items that adjust damage/critical strike chance while speaking to the Guide to see the base values.

On the Old-gen console version and Nintendo version, the Guide does not have many useful tips after unlocking Hardmode, except hinting about destroying Altars and finding Souls of Light and Night underground.

Killing the Guide grants the player a minor luck boost (see Luck § Ladybugs for details).

(Desktop, Console and Mobile versions) Considering there are no downsides to having the Guide unhappy, the player could simply put the Guide anywhere in the world without any consequences. The best place for the Guide is the Glowing Mushroom biome with the Truffle, as he loves the Guide.

The Guide is replaced by various NPCs in secret world seeds :

The Demolitionist will be the starting NPC in worlds.

The Party Girl will be the starting NPC in .

The Merchant will be the starting NPC in worlds.

The will be the starting NPC in worlds.

For those who do use help from other sources rather than the Guide, his role is usually minimal. Otherwise, he lives up to his name, as a primary source of in-game hints and information.

Achievements

Real Estate Agent * "Have all possible town NPCs living in your world."

Category:

Challenger

No Hobo * "Build a house suitable enough for your first town NPC, such as the guide, to move into."

Category:

Explorer

Homicidal * "You killed The Guide, you maniac!"

Names

The Guide may have any of the following names:

Andrew

Asher

Bradley

Brandon

Brett

Brian

Cody

Cole

Colin

Connor

Daniel

Dylan

Garrett

Harley

Jack

Jacob

Jake

Jan

Jeff

Jeffrey

Joe

Kevin

Kyle

Levi

Logan

Luke

Marty

Maxwell

Ryan

Scott

Seth

Steve

Tanner

Trent

Wyatt

Zach

Advice

Some quotes may vary depending on what version of Terraria is being played.

In the Tutorial(Console and Mobile versions) , the Guide has some additional dialogue to teach the player how to progress.

Quotes

Interaction quotes

Happiness quotes (Desktop, Console and Mobile versions)

Trivia

One of the Guide's names is Andrew, named for Andrew Spinks (aka Redigit), the lead developer of Terraria.

The Green Cap is dropped if a Guide with that name ( or any name) is killed.

The Guide's Shimmered form is a reference to Redigit's avatar.[10]

Redigit said during an AMA on Reddit that he created the Guide Voodoo Doll so players could get revenge on him for always opening the door.[11]

The Guide is depicted in two paintings, "Guide Picasso" and "The Creation of the Guide".

- According to the Terraria lore pages, there is an organization called "Order of the Guide", whose purpose is to preserve old legends and knowledge. It is likely that the Guide is a member of this order.
This is referenced in-game after beating the Wall of Flesh, with any new Guides that spawn in afterward referencing their predecessor suddenly bursting into flames.

In the Nintendo version, the Guide mentions the St. Patrick's Day event, even though it is not implemented there.

In the past Redigit has said the Guide is the Wall of Flesh[12], the brother of the ninja inside King Slime[13], the great-grandson of the Nymph[14], and the son of the Moon Lord[15]. These statements were most likely jokes[16] and are not considered official lore.[17]

The Guide says that he has much in common with the Zoologist and the Clothier. This may be referring to the fact that they are all cursed with some sort of transformation that is out of their control (if the Guide is indeed the Wall of Flesh).

According to the Voodoo Demon's Bestiary entry, the Guide is said to be the "chosen one whose soul is linked with the world's guardian himself", most likely referring to the Wall of Flesh.

The Guide has the first Bestiary entry.

The Bestiary entry for the Guide: "The Guide always offers useful advice and crafting recipes. His origins and unusual connections to this world remain a mystery."

History

Desktop 1.4.4:

Changed two advice texts:

"Smashing a shadow orb will sometimes cause a meteor to fall out of the sky. Shadow orbs can usually be found in the chasms around corrupt areas." to "Shadow orbs can usually be found in the chasms around corrupt areas. Smashing too many will unleash the Eater of Worlds. Defeating this foe may cause meteors to fall out of the sky!"

"Smashing a crimson heart will sometimes cause a meteor to fall out of the sky. Crimson hearts can usually be found in the chasms around crimtane areas." to "Crimson hearts can usually be found in the chasms around crimson areas. Smashing too many will unleash the Brain of Cthulhu. Defeating this foe may cause meteors to fall out of the sky!"

Added "Jan" as a possible name.

Desktop 1.4.0.1:

Massively overhauled the Guide's help dialogue, adding hints and tips for content all the way up to the Lunar Events, addressing all new NPCs since 1.1, replacing outdated information, and bringing some previously bugged lines back into circulation.

Fixed a typo in the quote help text on Fallen Stars ("usefull" to "useful").

The Wall of Flesh can now also be summoned if the Guide dies in the Underworld while in contact with lava.

Desktop 1.2.4:
Changed two advice texts:

"Underground are crystal hearts that can be used to increase your max life. You can smash them with a pickaxe." to "Underground are crystal hearts which can be used to increase your max life. You can smash them with a pickaxe." ("that" to "which")

"In order for a room to be considered a home, it needs to have a door, chair, table, and a light source. Make sure the house has walls as well." to "In order for a room to be considered a home, it needs to have a door, a chair, a table, and a light source. Make sure the house has walls as well."

Console 1.0.750.0: ( )

Now shoots Arrows at nearby enemies.

Now only Guides named Andrew will drop the Green Cap.

Console 1.02:

Drops the Green Cap upon death.

The Guide will no longer say the player needs a hammer to break Life Crystals.

The Guide will no longer say the player needs 10 Fallen Stars to make a Mana Crystal.

Mobile 1.2.6508:

Drops the Green Cap upon death if named Andrew.

The Guide will no longer say the player needs a hammer to break Life Crystals.

The Guide will no longer say the player needs 10 Fallen Stars to make a Mana Crystal.

References

1. ↑ Information taken from the 1.0 Desktop 1.4.0.5 source code, method AI_007_TownEntities() in Terraria.NPC.cs. There may be inaccuracies, as the current Desktop version is 1.4.4.9.1.1

2. Information taken from the ↑ Desktop 1.4.0.5 source code, method DoDeathEvents() in Terraria.NPC.cs. There may be inaccuracies, as the current Desktop version is 1.4.4.9.

3. ↑ Information taken from the 3.0 Desktop 1.4.0.5 source code, method HelpText() in Terraria.Main.cs. There may be inaccuracies, as the current Desktop version is 1.4.4.9.3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

4. ↑ Any item with a 4.0 pickaxe, axe, or hammer power greater than 0 (except for the Copper Axe ).Copper Pickaxe and [3]4.1 4.2 4.3

5. ↑ 5.0 Copper, Iron, Silver, or Gold Ore, or (on Desktop, Console, and Mobile), Tin, Lead, Tungsten, or Platinum Ore.[3]5.1 5.2

6. ↑ 6.0 Copper, Iron, Silver, or Gold Bars, or (on Desktop, Console, and Mobile), Tin, Lead, Tungsten, or Platinum Bars.[3]6.1 6.2 6.3

7. Any ↑ hook obtainable in pre-Hardmode (except for the Squirrel Hook and Amber Hook) counts.
Only the actual Grappling Hook item counts - other hooks are disregarded.[3]

8. Only actively ↑ riding a mount is checked for; the player can have a mount anywhere in their inventory (including in their mount slot in their equipment menu), as long as they are not actively riding it.[3]

9. This condition can only be met once the ↑ type of third-tier Hardmode ore has been determined for the world - which happens once the third (or, in drunk worlds (Desktop, Console and Mobile versions) , the first) altar is destroyed. Opening Hardmode crates to obtain Adamantite or Titanium Ore does not set the world's Hardmode ore type flag(s), and thus does not satisfy this condition.[3] Information taken from the Desktop 1.4.0.5 source code, method SmashAltar() in Terraria.WorldGen.cs. There may be inaccuracies, as the current Desktop version is 1.4.4.9.

10. ↑ https://forums.terraria.org/index.php?threads/shimmered-npcs-i-dont-get-all-references.116054/post-2807538

11. ↑ I am Redigit - Creator of Terraria. Ask Me Anything! September 27, 2013

12. ↑ Redigit's message in #journeys-end-chat on the official Terraria Discord server (link to message)

13. ↑ Redigit's message on the official Terraria Discord server

14. Redigit's message on the ↑ official Terraria Discord server (link to message)

15. Redigit's message in #journeys-end-chat on the ↑ official Terraria Discord server (link to message) May 08, 2020

16. Redigit (July 24, 2022): (archived from the ↑ Never take anything I say about lore seriously XD original on 11 Jan 2024, 08:32:06 UTC)

17. Redigit (July 24, 2022): (archived from the ↑ The only concrete lore is what you see in the game. The rest is up for the player to interpret how they wish. original on 11 Jan 2024, 08:34:53 UTC)

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The Guide is usually the first NPC a player encounters. He spawns near the player when the world is created. He provides tips mainly aimed at new players and displays crafting recipes (including the crafting station required) of items shown to him.

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From Nookipedia, the Animal Crossing wiki

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Home to Your community-driven 2,163 articles ... and growing!
Animal Crossing wiki encyclopedia!

Jingle (ジングル, Jinguru, Jingle) is a reindeer character in the Animal Crossing series. He appears once a year on Christmas Eve for Toy Day, a made-up event in Animal Crossing in-place of Christmas. He delivers presents, thought to be on behalf of Santa Claus, but he is never seen handing over any presents to other villagers. He is the only way to obtain items from the Jingle series.(Read More)

Every two weeks, Nookipedia collaborates with the community to feature a new piece of fanart.
Check back on April 20 for the next artwork!
Click here for a list of previously featured fanart.

8th April, 2020

Double Promotion - A warm welcome to our staff team for Lampshade59276, who is our latest Patroller! Additionally, Dorsal Axe has been promoted to Administrator! Congratulations!

23rd March, 2020

Featured Fanart is Back! - After being on hiatus for about a year, our Featured Fanart program is back, displaying a new piece of work from the Animal Crossing community on our homepage every two weeks.

20th March, 2020

New Horizons - Animal Crossing: New Horizons is now available worldwide. Your journey to the Deserted Island starts now!

15th March, 2020

Giveaway! - To Reddit users: we're hosting a giveaway over at the Animal Crossing subreddit, including a copy of New Horizons and some awesome merchandise. Check it out and let us know your favorite villager in the Reddit comments for a chance to win. Click here to enter. If you don't use Reddit, don't fret - we'll have additional giveaways in the future on other platforms!

1st March, 2020

New Theme! - We've updated our site theme to celebrate the approach of New Horizons coming in less than three weeks.

Visit the news archive for old stories.

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Featured Article

Jingle (ジングル, Jinguru, Jingle) is a reindeer character in the Animal Crossing series. He appears once a year on Christmas Eve for Toy Day, a made-up event in Animal Crossing in-place of Christmas. He delivers presents, thought to be on behalf of Santa Claus, but he is never seen handing over any presents to other villagers. He is the only way to obtain items from the Jingle series.(Read More)

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Nookipedia News

8th April, 2020

Double Promotion - A warm welcome to our staff team for Lampshade59276, who is our latest Patroller! Additionally, Dorsal Axe has been promoted to Administrator! Congratulations!

23rd March, 2020

Featured Fanart is Back! - After being on hiatus for about a year, our Featured Fanart program is back, displaying a new piece of work from the Animal Crossing community on our homepage every two weeks.

20th March, 2020

New Horizons - Animal Crossing: New Horizons is now available worldwide. Your journey to the Deserted Island starts now!

15th March, 2020

Giveaway! - To Reddit users: we're hosting a giveaway over at the Animal Crossing subreddit, including a copy of New Horizons and some awesome merchandise. Check it out and let us know your favorite villager in the Reddit comments for a chance to win. Click here to enter. If you don't use Reddit, don't fret - we'll have additional giveaways in the future on other platforms!

1st March, 2020

New Theme! - We've updated our site theme to celebrate the approach of New Horizons coming in less than three weeks.

Visit the news archive for old stories.

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From Nookipedia, the Animal Crossing wiki Jump to navigation Jump to search Home to Your community-driven 2,163 articles ... and growing! Animal Crossing wiki encyclopedia! Jingle (ジングル, Jinguru, Jingle) is a reindeer character in the Animal Crossing series. He appears once a year on Christmas Eve for Toy Day, a made-up event in Animal Crossing in-place of Christmas.

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Welcome! thanks for visiting my Mini Room Maker, just double-click on the furniture, doors, windows, etc above to choose them, add them to the room above and drag around to arrange.
Be Creative, you can make beatifull tiny rooms, schools, shops, terrace or a great outdoor, dont forget to add kids, cars and animals!
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teen room decor for teenagers bedrooms project ideas tips colors themes decorating teens roomspaper doll

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¤¤¤ MiniRoomMaker.com ¤¤¤ create tiny rooms online ¤¤¤

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A very cute online room maker full of tiny furniture, small kids, appliances, backgrounds, windows, doors, etc

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FAQ
Can I use [thing you made]?
If it's on the meme page or graphics page then yes! I appreciate a link back but it's not necessary.

My collage art is also under this creative commons license.
Can you help me with my site?
Probably not! I'm not a real web designer/developer and am frequently confused by web design concepts myself. I will try to help if I can! but I recommend looking at resources like W3Schools instead of coming to me.
What do you use to make stuff?
For this site: Firefox, Notepad, Sublime Text and the Neocities IDE.

Collage art: mostly Sharpie, acrylic paint and found objects like food packaging.

Graphics, GIFs and memes: Adobe Photoshop and Premiere Pro

Digital art: MS Paint
what does plasticdino mean?
plastic = name of my favourite album + evokes a sort of "fake" aesthetic that I like to use in my art (pretentious)

dino = short for dinosaur. I think dinosaurs are cool. (way less pretentious)

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FAQ Can I use [thing you made]? If it's on the meme page or graphics page then yes! I appreciate a link back but it's not necessary. My collage art is also under this creative commons license. Can you help me with my site? Probably not!

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Dither it! is a web application for processing images using dithering. Dithering is a process for reducing the number of colors used in an image.

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Games, visualizations, interactives and other weird stuff.

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Why is expressive language so hard to understand

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Why is expressive language so hard to understand

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Welcome to another week of Dear Duolingo, an advice column just for language learners. Catch up on past installments here.

Hi, everyone! This week on Dear Duolingo, we'll be answering a question about an experience that nearly all learners report having. It's especially common for new learners, but as this week's reader points out, it's true for intermediate and even advanced learners, too!

This week's question:

Dear Duolingo,

I have been learning Spanish for over three years now, and I find it reasonably easy to understand it in writing and to form sentences with a wordbank. I also think I would be able to make myself understood when I speak! However, I really struggle with understanding spoken Spanish. Why is this aspect of language so much harder than others? Is it just me?

Gracias,
Speaking My Language

The first thing to know is that this is a really common experience, and no, it's not just you! It's not because of your age, or your study habits, or the lessons you're doing on Duolingo. It has everything to do with your brain! 🧠

Listening and understanding present unique challenges to learners because there's typically time pressure to keep up with the speaker in the moment, plus you'll probably have to formulate a response! The situation is the same for learners studying signed languages, like American Sign Language, who have to follow many hand shapes, movements, and facial expressions to keep up with the conversation. To include both signed and spoken languages in our discussion here, I'm going to use "expressive" language to mean speech and signed language. It turns out that the reasons they're difficult for learners are the same!

Expressive language doesn't have spaces.

One of the biggest challenges about understanding expressive language-for adult learners and for babies, too-is that expressive language doesn't have spaces. In writing, many languages use spaces between words to delineate where one stops and the next begins, and beginner learners look for those pauses... but they're just not there!

Instead, what we get is something like thisexamplesentencerepresentshowweperceiveexpressivelanguage. Well, actually, in spoken language it's like this image below, without even the benefit of clear, distinct letters or sounds. Where are the word boundaries? Can you believe this is a sentence with 7 words?

In our own language, we solved this "problem" long ago, as infants, but as adult learners we become really reliant on reading and wanting to know (and practice) single words. So when we don't find pauses in expressive language, it can be really disorienting. (No wonder babies sleep so much!) We can sometimes have the perception that new languages are produced so fast or people never take a breath-but it's really just that we aren't practiced enough at finding word boundaries!

Expressive language disappears quickly.

Another challenge to understanding expressive language is that after it's produced, it's typically gone forever! If you're watching a movie or listening on YouTube, you can slow down the audio and repeat if necessary, but for in-person interactions, after a word is produced, its visual shape or acoustic waves literally disappear (well, dissipate) into thin air. We can't see or listen at our preferred pace, and if we lag behind remembering the meaning of one word, we're already behind catching up to each word produced after it.

Expressive language never repeats itself.

There's another challenge with that quickly-disappearing expressive language: It's never produced the same way twice. There are always slight variations every time you produce it, and even though we hardly notice it in our own language, learners have to learn to adapt to brand-new variations.

Let's take an example from English. We think of the "ee" sound in seat (/i/ in the International Phonetic Alphabet) as a single sound, but it's actually a whole range of "ee"-like sounds. Your tongue is never in exactly the same place, for exactly the same length of time, every time you say a word with "ee." How you pronounce it also differs according to the person saying the sound, how quickly they are speaking, the sound occurring before the "ee," the sound occurring after the "ee," and even who they're talking to!

That means the "ee" in seat is *slightly* different from the "ee" in meat, which is *slightly* different from seem, which is *slightly* different from seek, etc. And my pronunciation of those "ee" sounds is subtly different every time I say them. And it's different when I'm talking to my mom vs. when I'm talking to my best friend. And so on and so on!

So how can learners know what counts as seat vs. sit vs. set if there aren't even specific definitions of what counts as an "ee"?! 😬 We don't notice how much adapting and adjusting our brain has to do in our own language, but in a new language, we have to re-learn those sound boundaries, for potentially dozens of new sounds.

Expressive language is unpredictable.

When you are speaking, you have a lot of control over what words you're going to produce next, more or less. But when you're interacting with someone else, you're at their mercy! There are definitely patterns for what words go together and what you're likely to encounter based on a given topic or conversation, but you don't know for sure what vocabulary or grammar is coming next. (Much less whether it is words or grammar you have studied before!)

It takes years, and lots of conversations, to build up enough data in your brain for it to start making predictions about what you might hear or see next. These experiences and expectations (data!) help us process and understand our own language really quickly: Of the hundreds of thousands of words you might encounter, the data your brain has stored about sentence patterns helps you narrow down what could come next, even before the person has produced it!

Expressive language is a moving target.

Well, not just expressive language: All of language is a moving target! Languages are constantly changing, new words are being added and old ones are falling out of use (or acquiring new meanings!), dialects are evolving, and brand-new slang is introduced. (That's why it's not always even clear what counts as a single language!)

Because language is changing every day, it's simply impossible for learners to keep up and know the most current trends and features of the language they're studying. (And not just for learners-I definitely haven't kept up with Gen Z slang in English! 👵🏼) Even in your own town or region, you probably notice differences between people of different ages, educational backgrounds, ethnicities, religions, and genders. No one talks quite like what you're learning on Duolingo-and they definitely don't talk like textbooks. (Actually, real people don't even talk like in the movies, which is why there's such a difference between how scripted and reality TV sound!)

When you study a language, what you're doing is building a foundation for using language out in the world. You can never learn it all-and you probably don't need to -but you can get the right tools so that you're ready to communicate successfully and start adopting the language features of the people you'll be communicating with the most!

Truer words have never been spoken!

Getting the hang of fluid, natural conversation in a new language requires more than knowing words, grammar, and pronunciation-your brain needs lots of data and practice! The best way to strengthen this skill is to keep at it, by using subtitles to support your comprehension, getting lots of practice listening (including listening to music!), and being brave and patient with yourself when chatting with people in person.

For more answers to your language and learning questions, get in touch with us by emailing dearduolingo@duolingo.com.

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Dear Duolingo: Why is spoken language so hard to understand?

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Learners know how difficult it is to keep up with conversations in a new language. Here's why understanding spoken language is so hard!

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The Rise and Fall of Peter Molyneux (All Parts) | Kim Justice

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Ruffle is a Flash Player emulator written in Rust. Ruffle targets both desktop and the web using WebAssembly.