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Ralph is the leader of the group of boys, who tries to toe-the-line between keeping civility while pleasing the boys and fitting in with them. This is shown when he is elected chief because of the conch. However, he shows himself of mixed character, mostly through his treatment of Piggy. For example, despite the fact that Piggy told him that he disliked the name that they called him at school, he uses it. Later, he causes Piggy embarrassment by telling the group that his "real name" is Piggy, so that the others would not call him "Fatty", which does demonstrate some goodness in his character, nevertheless hurts Piggy's feelings. When Ralph realizes he hurt Piggy, he gives him a half apology, which shows how he wants to justify his bad treatment of Piggy, while also feeling guilt for his meanness.

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Piggy is the most civilized and intelligent character in the group. Piggy is the one who had the idea to use the conch to call the others, which ultimately gives Ralph authority. He also realizes the importance of creating a functional system of governance, or as close to one as the boys can get and ensure everyone is accounted for. He also argues that making a fire on the top of the mountain is a silly idea, and also is the only one to realize that the little boy with the mark on his face is missing when the boys light the fire on top of the mountain, and that their careless actions may have caused his death. This shows how Piggy, despite the fact that he faces constant derision, is the one who would best organize/lead the boys.

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Jack, from the start, demonstrates aspects cruelty. In the first and second chapter, he continually insults Piggy by calling him "Fatty". Additionally, when the Simon, Ralph, and Jack find the pig in the creepers, Jack made to kill the pig, but didn't do it, likely because he had an inkling that it would be cruel. He regrets this, which causes him to the pull his knife out and slam it into the tree trunk, where he internally vows that "next time there would be no mercy." This implicitly conveys Jack's vicious character inside, and also hints at the way that he treats/will treat Piggy.

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Simon is a mild person who is intelligent. Simon is first introduced as the choir boy who fainted because of Jack forcing the boys to wear all of their hot clothing and march in formation. This shows his mildness and even weakness, which allows him to be easily hurt and taken advantage of. However, Simon is intelligent, as he suggests making a map of the island out of tree bark, showing the value that he can bring to the little society that the boys are attempting to create.

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The conch symbolizes order in a society that promotes fairness, civility, and equality. Piggy is the person who first wants to use the conch to call an organized meeting. It is agreed upon in the first meeting that the conch is what allows a person to speak in the group, and that anyone can hold the conch to speak. Later, on the mountain, Piggy attempts to use the conch to speak, but gets shouted down by Jack. This forces Ralph to extend the conch rule and says that the conch creates a meeting anywhere on the island, and that anyone who has the conch has a right to speak. This shows how Piggy and Ralph both wanted to have a civil and equal society, or at least as close to one as possible. Jack's opposition to the conch on the mountain demonstrates how he would rather have a society in which some have more power than others.

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Fire, in chapters 1-2, is symbolizes the boys' civility and their potential for wildness. Initially, Ralph proposes the creation of a fire in order to signal to nearby ships that there are boys on the island that need rescuing. This initial purpose of the fire represents how the boys are still clinging to some aspect of civility, as they want to be rescued by adults and reintegrated into proper society. However, on the mountain, the fire ends up burning out of control, setting a significant portion of the island ablaze. Meanwhile, not all of the boys were accounted for, as Piggy points out that the boy with a mark on his face is missing. The fire burning wildly out of control shows the boys' potential for cruelty and savageness, as they have the potential to burn out of control without seeing the consequences of their actions, which could cost lives.

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The theme of civility versus savagery is developed in Chapters 1-2 through characterization and symbolism. Civility is represented primarily through the characters of Piggy and Ralph. Both want to create a society with rules and where everyone may have a voice. Also, both of them adhere to rules, especially the rule of the conch, which shows how they are striving for civility. Savagery, on the other hand, is represented more through Jack's character. Jack is highly interested in being the leader of the group, but he is outvoted, which makes him angry. Additionally, he wishes to be a hunter and almost kills a pig when exploring the island. These actions represent how Jack is hungry for power and how he values the use of brute strength to gain it, even if it is savage or violent. Also, Jack is ready to disregard the rules of the conch, especially when Piggy is trying to speak, showing how he would rather have an uncivil society. The symbol of fire also communicates this, as it is initially used to signal back to civilization, but ends up burning out of control, potentially hurting a child, which represents savageness.

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Ralph develops more maturity and becomes more adept at leadership/civility even as he loses confidence in himself. Ralph, taking from Piggy's ideas, realized the need for shelters and therefore works with Simon to build them, while Jack is occupied with hunting. Ralph also is the only one who really understands the dire importance of keeping the fire going. This is evident when Ralph sees a ship and then realizes the fire has gone out. He then becomes very angry with Jack, who let the fire go out because of his fascination with killing pigs. He then asserts his chieftainship by impressing on Jack the importance of making a fire, and then Jack makes the fire in a way that Ralph is on one side of the fire and Jack on the other, showing how the two of them are no longer friends. This reflects Ralph's maturing, as he is no longer having such an affinity with Jack. Also, when he walks to the assembly that he calls after the fire, he realizes Piggy's intelligence and worth, which contrasts with his earlier teasing of him, such as when Piggy recommended sundials.

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Piggy has less development than the other characters, as he is still the most intelligent and firmly believes in civility. He increasingly becomes the biggest voice for it, with the help of Ralph and Simon. For example, he proposes ideas, like a sundial, as well as fighting back against the idea of a ghost/beast being on the island, because "life's scientific". He is also increasingly respected by Ralph and Simon, but more disrespected by the rest of the group. This causes him to fear Ralph stepping down as chief as Jack would likely kill or hurt him if that happened.

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Jack paints a mask on his face to sneak up on the pig

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Jack continues to become increasingly savage in chapters 3-6. In the beginning and throughout chapter 3, he becomes increasingly obsessed with killing a pig in place of arguably more important things, like shelter and keeping the fire going. Additionally, when Ralph scolds him for letting the fire out, he savagely takes out his anger on Piggy, by punching him in the stomach and slapping him, which ends up breaking Piggy's glasses. He also is increasingly flouting the rules that Ralph and the other agree on, such as the rule of the conch, showing how he has an increasing affinity for violence. He is on the side of savagery, which is becoming increasingly distinct from civility, as shown with Ralph being on the other side of the fire.

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Simon is more developed in chapters 3-6, as he is shown to be insightful and wise but very shy. For example, Simon finds a very clever hiding place in the jungle under the vegetation, which shows is ability to see things others do not. Also, he says that he believes there is a beast and implies that the beast is in the boys themselves, which also demonstrates his intelligent and intrinsic wisdom in his thinking. He is also goodhearted, for example, he gives Piggy his portion of meat. However, he is very shy, which is shown in his awkwardness and the way he has great anxiety when speaking in front of the assembly.

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Conch shell is sun bleached and white, not pink

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The symbol of the conch changes significantly physically and in the way that the boys treat it. For example, in chapter five, when Ralph calls the meeting, he examines the conch, and he realizes that the colors of it have faded from its original pinkness. This demonstrates how their society has become more uncivilized, and how the power of the conch is fading due to their increased savagery. Essentially, the conch shows how the boys are losing their initial innocence when they first came together at the call of the conch. Ralph especially loses is boyish rosiness, as the conch had, and is taking more responsibility as a leader. In addition, Jack, as well as the other boys, are increasingly breaking the rules and continue to disrespect the rule of the conch, showing its decreased potency in their society.

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The symbol of fire develops as a divisive symbol, but then increasingly represents civility. The divisiveness is shown when Jack is on one side of the fire, while Ralph is on the other and lights it with the specs. This shows how Ralph feels that the fire should be used to connect them back to civilization, and he also the means of creating the fire, Piggy's glasses, which further demonstrates his connection to civilization. Jack is on the opposite side of the fire, which represents the divide between the destructive and savage nature of fire and its ability to connect the boys to civilization.

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The boys who put on the masks are more savage than the other boys. When they finish the hunt and kill the pig, they chant "Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in." which represents their increased inclination to savagery and their evil nature that they have inherently when the shame of society is taken away. The themes that are therefore developed are inherent nature of man, civility v. savagery, and loss of innocence, as they are no longer the same, childish boys they were, but have become mean and horrible.

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The boys who put on the masks are more savage than the other boys. When they finish the hunt and kill the pig, they chant "Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in." which represents their increased inclination to savagery and their evil nature that they have inherently when the shame of society is taken away. The themes that are therefore developed are inherent nature of man, civility v. savagery, and loss of innocence, as they are no longer the same, childish boys they were, but have become mean and horrible.

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The boys who put on the masks are more savage than the other boys. They feel that the mask hides them, making them more able to be brutal and uncivil without any accountability of recognition because of who they are. When they finish the hunt and kill the pig, they chant "Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in." which represents their increased inclination to savagery and their evil nature that they have inherently when the shame of society is taken away. The themes that are therefore developed are inherent nature of man, civility v. savagery, and loss of innocence, as they are no longer the same, childish boys they were, but have become mean and horrible.

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The beast inside the boys is demonstrated in this chapter through the increased fascination with killing pigs, Jack's increasing inclination to violence, and the hunting of the "beast". The mantra that the hunters have "Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in." demonstrates the beastliness of the hunting group of boys. Jack especially emulates this, as he is so excited with the fact that he was able to kill and pig and is describing it as a fun, joyous thing. Later, he beats up Piggy when he realizes that he is in the wrong, which shows his increased beastliness. Finally, in the beast hunt the boys have shown their rapidly devolving society, that is allowing itself to be wrecked by superstition instead of focusing on the real problems at hand.

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In the novel, Lord of the Flies, and the poem, We Wear the Mask, the authors Golding and Dunbar communicate the duality present in humanity and societal perceptions of people through the symbol of a mask. In We Wear the Mask, the duality of humanity is demonstrated by the difference between the emotions of the enslaved people inside and how they present themselves. The enslaved people “wear of a mask that grins and lies” even though they are really “tortured souls”, demonstrating their duality. They present themselves in as happy people despite their subhuman circumstances that they are subjected to by society. They hide their immense pain and discontent so that they are perceived well by their slaveowners and the society that is responsible for their plight. Lord of the Flies also utilizes the symbol of the mask, but it is used in the sense that it hides the civility and social obligations that individuals have and allows them to turn into different, evil people. This is shown specifically in the hunters and how they paint their faces in order to sneak up on the pigs that they want to kill. This allows them to be free from the societal perceptions of what is shameful or evil to do, allowing them to take pleasure in murdering innocent animals. The mask almost eggs them on because through the mask, they are better able to be killers, since the pig cannot see them, and it also hides the shame that society imparts on them for bloodlust. This represents the duality that the boys have in their outward appearance, as without the mask, they are compelled to civility, but with it, their intrinsic evil nature is shown. So, both literary works utilize the mask symbol to convey that humans can have duality in their nature.

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Ralph begins to develop as a character because he starts to become even more underconfident as chief while he also starts to slowly become more complacent when faced with savagery. For instance, in chapter 7, Ralph is with the hunters and manages to stick a pig, which he feels pride about. This is overshadowed by Jack's being hurt; however, it shows how he has a potential to accept or at least tolerate savage behavior. Then, when Jack calls the meeting and splits from the main group, Ralph loses confidence in his leadership and feels that he cannot keep the society going without Jack and his hunters. This leads him to go to Jack's tribe and eat the pig that they have, thereby almost relinquishing his leadership to Jack. Then, when Simon is killed, he is either complacent or inside the circle, which means that he allows the murder to happen, showing his underconfident leadership and allowance of savagery.

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Jack becomes even more savage and the dark and evil side of humanity is developed through his character. For example, when Jack, the hunters, and Ralph are hunting the pigs, he makes a joke about killing a littlun for their game of killing a pig. He implies that they would use the littlun as a pig and then kill him. Then, later on, he decides to use the conch to call his own meeting, which was a privilege supposedly reserved for Ralph, and breaks away to make his own tribe, which he based around killing pigs and having fun in a savage way. Then, in the 9th chapter he steals fire from the civilized group, and then he creates a bonfire to roast the pig he killed and invites everyone there. Then, when Simon comes from the mountain to tell them that the beast doesn't exist, their savage group's circle surround Simon and murder him. This demonstrates Jack's cruelty, evil nature, and his disregard for humanity.

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When Simon encounters the Lord of the Flies near the pig's head that Jack put up, the Lord of the Flies says that he is part of the boys and implies that Simon is not welcome in their rapidly devolving society and that resistance to it would not work out for him. He says that there isn't a prospect of rescue for him and that if he goes back to the group, he'll just meet him, the Lord of the Flies. This encounter foreshadows Simon's death, because the Lord of the Flies implies that Simon will be consumed by him if he tries to resist the societal degradation and the idea of the beast. Then, when Simon figures out that there is no beast after all, he attempts to go warn the group, which is exactly what the Lord of the Flies told him he couldn't do. Then, when Simon arrives to the camp, he is murdered by the group of boys, which is exactly what was foreshadowed, meaning that Simon met the real beast/the Lord of the Flies in Jack's tribe.

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The conch become more and more weak as a symbol of democracy as it is becoming more and more ignored. Jack uses it to call an assembly, which shows how he disregards it as a symbol of Ralph's leadership in their democracy, and then proceeds to hold the conch to announce that he is making his own tribe that doesn't use the conch's authority. Therefore, the fading symbol of the conch demonstrates how savagery is winning on the island over civility. However, Piggy and Ralph still try to adhere to its rules, even as it loses its relevance.

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The boy's obsession with the imaginary beast is meant to convey the boys' loss of the good aspects of their humanity and the externalization of the darkness that is within them, which they cannot conquer. This is shown in Simon's encounter with the Lord of the Flies, who says that the beast is not something that can be conquered or killed, because it is inside the boys. It also demonstrates their mob-like mentality and their rejection of reason and wise thinking in favor of superstition based in savagery. The boys went looking for the beast before, but they determined that it is on the mountain. This effectively makes their best chance at rescue, the signal fire, unusable, essentially cutting them off from society. This leaves them at the mercy of the true beast, themselves.

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This action of killing a defenseless sow nursing her young demonstrates how Jack has a disregard for life and the pain of others, as well as the true consequences of his actions. These actions highlight the inherent nature of man as evil and brutish because Jack shows no mercy towards a pig that is nursing new life/her offspring, which demonstrates how he is hostile towards sentient beings that have worth and do not harm him. He then sacrifices the innocent pig's head to the "beast" which is really the evil that is inside the boys, which signifies that the innocent and good in society will be sacrificed to the inherent evil that is within mankind.

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When Simon encounters the Lord of the Flies near the pig's head that Jack put up, the Lord of the Flies says that he is part of the boys and implies that Simon is not welcome in their rapidly devolving society and that resistance to it would not work out for him. He says that there isn't a prospect of rescue for him and that if he goes back to the group, he'll just meet him, the Lord of the Flies. This encounter foreshadows Simon's death, because the Lord of the Flies implies that Simon will be consumed by him if he tries to resist the societal degradation and the idea of the beast. Then, when Simon figures out that there is no beast after all, he attempts to go warn the group, which is exactly what the Lord of the Flies told him he couldn't do. Then, when Simon arrives to the camp, he is murdered by the group of boys, which is exactly what was foreshadowed, meaning that Simon met the real beast/the Lord of the Flies in Jack's tribe. This demonstrates how Simon's civility, wisdom, and reason was eventually devoured by savagery.

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Jack: Id

Jack and his "savage" followers, like Roger, for example, all embody the id. They act on their basic, brutish impulses and do not consider the consequences of them, especially when they relate to the other people around them. A good example of this would be when they stole Piggy's specs in order to have fire for themselves. They solely cared about what the specs could do for them, which is give them a cooking fire for their pig, and do not consider the fact that it would harm Piggy, since he would not be able to see at all, and they did not consider how doing that would likely prevent them from getting rescued, since there would be no signal fire. Later, when Piggy, Ralph, Sam, and Eric, go to retrieve Piggy's specs, Jack and his tribe exhibit no remorse for their actions, and end up just killing Piggy (and smashing the conch) when he speaks out against them, calling them out as savages. All of this points to their inability to judge right or wrong actions, since they largely act on evil impulses.

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Ralph: Ego

Ralph is the Ego in the story because he acts in rational ways, but he does not have a fully developed moral compass that points him clearly towards what is right and wrong. He seeks to satisfy his basic desires in a way that would be beneficial to the group in the long term. For example, he has a desire for comfort and safety. He satisfies this desire intelligently, by constructing shelters and making a signal fire, which later becomes a fire for comfort after Jack splits away from the group and forms his own tribe. However, Ralph did have some actions that demonstrated that his moral compass was not entirely developed. For example, he was excited when he had stuck the pig a little when he was hunting with Jack and the other hunters, and he also derived some pleasure from making fun of Piggy, especially in the beginning.

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Simon: Superego

Simon exhibits the superego because of his wise and generally kind actions. For example, when Piggy was not given a piece of meat when the hunters first killed a pig and roasted it on the mountain, he gave his portion to Piggy, simply because he felt it was the kind and right thing to do. Then, when all of the boys started obsessing over the idea of the beast, Simon had the insight to say that the beast was inside of the boys, which can be interpreted as acting solely upon the id in Freudian terms. Finally, right before he dies, Simon had the sense to go up the mountain to really see what the “beast” is, where he discovered that the “beast” was simply just a dead man in a parachute. Simon is later killed before he can even communicate this discovery to the group, but Simon’s wisdom and his intelligent actions all point to his developed moral compass in the superego.

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Piggy: Superego

Piggy exhibits the superego but is a little closer to the ego than Simon is. This is because most of his decisions are not entirely driven by an attitude of moral correctness, but also a desire for self-preservation and to do the rational thing. For example, when Ralph considers giving up chieftainship, Piggy warns against it, not only because it would cause their scantily organized society to collapse, but also because he would inevitably be hurt or killed. However, Piggy evolves more and is consistently the voice of reason in the group. Right before his death, he asks the tribe what is better, savagery or civilization. This demonstrates his superego because he has the inherent values of society that were instilled in him, and his attitude towards what behavior is right and wrong.

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In Lord of the Flies, Golding largely adheres to a Hobbesian theory of society. He depicts the boys as inherently evil, as they are quick to throw away societal virtues in favor of savagery. Hobbes viewed life in a state of nature (which is represented by the island in LOTF) as “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short”, which is precisely how the lives of the boys are, especially Jack and his tribe.

However, Ralph certainly hoped in the beginning that life on the island would resemble Rousseau's theory, which is that people in a state of nature would simply act in their own interests and according to their urges, but with compassion. However, this did not happen. Ideally, their society might have been Lockean, which would mean that Ralph's society would respect natural rights of life and liberty (at least, since none of the boys really have property).

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The symbol of the beast is developed through the characters in chapters 10-12. In the case of Ralph and Piggy, Ralph begins to realize the beast that is inside of all of them when he acknowledges how what they did to Simon was murder. Piggy tries to push back against this horrible reality, saying that Simon was "asking for it", almost implying that Simon looked/appeared to be the beast. This may potentially reveal the beast, however small, that was inside Piggy as well, and how even as the voice of reason, the island was still able to get to him in a way. Jack and his tribe, on the other hand, continue to think of the beast as an external thing, to avoid or kill, and not something that is inside of them. Jack gives orders not to go to the mountaintop, for example, showing how he doesn't realize the beast that was inside himself all along.

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Ralph eventually is shown to be civil at the very end of the book, but also continued to be in between civility and savagery until then. In the beginning of chapter 10, he acknowledges how the actions of Jack's tribe, and his participation in them, was murder. This shows how he is aware of civility and the social conceptions of what is right and what is wrong. However, when he eventually becomes hunted by Jack's tribe, some aspects of savagery come out of him for his self-preservation. For instance, he uses his spear to injure a "savage" to preserve his life, but in his feverish attempts to survive, he fails to fully comprehend that he just stabbed someone, which created a nasty wound. In the end, his civility wins, as shown by his uncontrolled sobbing at the end of the book, when he expresses grief for the deaths of his friends and the loss of his innocence.

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Piggy becomes slightly more bold in the last few chapters and still desperately clings to the idea of civilization. This is exemplified when Jack's savages come to steal Piggy's glasses. Instead of protecting his only means of sight, he protects the conch, which represents civilization, order, and all that is good. Then, when he realizes what had been done, instead of cowardly stepping away from the challenge and letting his glasses go, he encourages Ralph and the others to go and tell Jack off and get his glasses back. He then blindly walks into Jack's tribe at Castle Rock and at first, cowers behind Ralph and wants his protection. However, in the end, he is emboldened and asks "Which is better, law and rescue, or hunting or breaking things up?" to the savages. These end up being his last words, as he is killed shortly thereafter. However, chapters 10-12 demonstrate Piggy's continued role as the voice of reason, but also a brave person.

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Jack becomes even more cruel, as he asserts his violent leadership as chief of the savages and pays no regard to the intrinsic value or dignity of the other characters or the value of society. For instance, he forms his tribe and begins to use physical abuse as punishment, such as when beat Wilfred for something, which no character actually knows what for. This shows his brutishness and his disregard for justice or the pain that others feel. Later, when Piggy and the others "civilized" group come to retrieve Piggy's stolen specs, he allows Roger to kill Piggy and also destroy the conch. Instead of reacting to the horror of killing another human being, Jack simply feels joy that he is the full chief and that there is no conch for Ralph to claim authority from. So, Jack has devolved fully into savagery and became fully powerful.

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On the one hand, fire continues to represent civilization as a signal. However, it also developed for the civilized group to be a source of comfort when they were vulnerable. On the other hand, the other purpose of fire, which is destruction, eventually almost wins. This is when Jack and his tribe set the whole island on fire in order to kill Ralph. They wished to use fire to destroy life, to kill. Then, a ship comes and the boys are rescued, and the naval captain says that he saw their signal fire. This may symbolize how eventually, the civilizing aspect of fire won, since the boys are rescued by adults. It could also be interpreted as the fire consuming their innocence and the life that was within the boys. Therefore, the fire explores themes of loss of innocence and civility v. savagery.