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Rome Defeats Carthage in Punic Wars (264–146BC)

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Rome Defeats Carthage in Punic Wars (264–146BC)

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The Punic Wars were a trilogy of wars fought between Rome and Carthage over trade routes in the Mediterranean. Rome had the advantage with new weapons and strategies, but Carthage had made allies. After the wars, Carthage fell and Rome grew more powerful and controlled most to all trade in the Mediterranean.

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Assassination of Julius Caesar (MAR 15 44BC)

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Assassination of Julius Caesar (MAR 15 44BC)

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Julius Caesar had declared himself dictator for life and the people were fine with it because they loved him, but the Senate didn't. So, they hatched a plan and during a meeting they stabbed Julius Caesar 23 times. His assassination led to Rome falling into civil war and outrage. His death also marked the death of Democracy in Rome.

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Octavian Caesar becomes 1st Emperor (44BC)

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Octavian Caesar becomes 1st Emperor (44BC)

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Octavian was Julius Caesar's Great-nephew, but was deemed the heir and son in Julius Caesar's will. He changed his name to Augustus when he became the first emperor with Marc Antony at his side. Eventually the two started another civil war that Augustus won. Under Augustus, Rome entered a two hundred year span of peace.

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A two hundred year span of peace in Rome that was also considered its Golden Age. The economy was stabilized and trade flourished. Rome's social structure also stabilized and there was an emphasis on family and education. Augustus stabilized the government, created a uniform law, and set up a civil service.

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Collapse of Western Roman Empire (476CE)

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Collapse of Western Roman Empire (476CE)

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Emperor Diocletian had divided the Empire and left the west half to Emperor Constantine. Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople while the Empire was being invaded by Germanic barbarians. The western Roman empire fell to these invaders and many other factors that left it in shambles.

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Emperor Justinian was the most influential emperor in the Byzantine Empire. He is most renowned for his law code that became the basis for laws in Western Europe. He also expanded Byzantines trade which allowed the Empire to grow in influence. Justinian Code is codified Roman law that made it fit better for the Byzantine Empire.

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The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity (1054CE)

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The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity (1054CE)

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The Great Schism was the split/divide of Christianity into the Roman Catholic in the west, and Greek Orthodox in the east. It was caused by cultural and political differences between the two sides. The Catholic church, also known as the western church, was centered in Rome and followed Roman traditions. Meanwhile, the Orthodox church, also known as the eastern church, was centered in Constantinople and followed Greek traditions.

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Constantinople was overtaken by the Ottoman Turks who renamed the city to Istanbul. Before that, Byzantine and the Islamic Empire were constantly fighting over territory, and Byzantine was losing a lot of land to it. The Great Schism also had a factor in Byzantine's decline.

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Muhammad's death and the assassination of Ali were the main causes of the Islamic Schism. Islam split into two groups, the Sunni and the Shi'a. The Sunni believe that anyone can be a Caliph. While the Shi'a believe that Caliphs have to be direct descendents of Muhammad.

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Three expansions of the Islamic Empires (632CE, 661CE, 850CE)

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Three expansions of the Islamic Empires (632CE, 661CE, 850CE)

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Islam started in early Muslim settlements on the Arabian Peninsula and eventually spread throughout the rest of the peninsula. Islam expanded into northwest Africa and Asia minor later on. At its largest, The Islamic Empire controlled the North coast of Africa, most of Spain, and started reaching into more of Asia.

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Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours (732CE)

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Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours (732CE)

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The Islamic Empire attempted to expand further into Europe, but ran into a confrontation with the Franks. The Muslims were defeated and the Franks had won. The Islamic Empire was barred from expanding any further into Europe.

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The Mongols cut off the city's water supply as a military tactic. They also destroyed the irrigation infrastructure of the city. Many Muslims were killed or managed to flee.

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Reign of Mansa Musa (Musa I) (1312CE - 1337CE)

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Reign of Mansa Musa (Musa I) (1312CE - 1337CE)