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• Present day Canada and parts of Alaska.

• From Atlantic Ocean to Rocky Mountains.

• Made up of Forests, lakes, and tundra.

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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• Geography: Mostly made up of dense boreal forests, rivers, lakes, and mountains.

• Climate: Very cold winters and cool short summers.

• The land is stiff and hard to farm.

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• Cree tribe

• Chipewyan tribe

• Innu tribe

• These tribes live in small scattered groups due to harsh environments.

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• Main methods: Hunting and gathering

Impossible to farm because of cold & soil

• Animals hunted: Moose, deer, beavers, etc

• Gathering: Berries, roots, nuts, etc

• Fishing was also sometimes used.

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• Main housing: Tipis or cone-shaped tents in summer and pit houses or wooden huts in winter.

• Made from animal hides.

• Easy to take down and carry.

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1. Nomadic Lifestyle: Tribes traveled with the seasons to follow animals.

2. Snowshoe and canoe technology: Developed tools to move through snow and water easily.

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• Present day northernmost parts of North America

• Northern Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland.

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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• Geography: Mostly tundra, permafrost, ice, and coastal regions with very few trees.

• Climate: Extremely cold.

• Long winters.

• Short cool summers.

• little rainfall, but snow and ice are present most of the year.

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• Inuit (Eskimo) tribe

• Aleut tribe

• Yupik tribe

• These groups lived in small communities along the coasts and relied heavily on marine resources.

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• Main methods: Hunting and fishing

• Farming was impossible due to frozen ground and no growing season.

•Animals hunted: Seals, walrus, whales, fish, etc

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• Winter homes: Igloos

• Permanent homes: Semi-subterranean houses made from driftwood, bones.

• Built low to the ground to conserve heat.

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1. Incredible survival skills: Created tools and clothing for extreme cold.

2. Transportation: Invented the kayak for hunting and dog sleds for travel across snow

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• Present day New England, Mid Atlantic states, and parts of the Great Lakes region.

• Covers areas such as New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio

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• Dense forests, rivers, lakes, and coastal areas along the Atlantic.

• Four distinct seasons (Cold snowy winters, warm summers, and mild spring / fall)

• Fertile soil in some areas especially along river valleys.

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• Iroquois Confederacy tribes

• Algonquin tribe

• Huron tribe

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• Used a mix of farming, hunting, and fishing.

• Farmed the “Three Sisters” crops: corn, beans, and squash.

• Hunted deer, and other small game.

• Fished rivers and coastal waters for fish, clams

• Gathered wild berries, and roots.

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• Longhouses: Large wooden structures covered with bark. They were very common amongst the Iroquois.

• Wigwams: Dome shaped homes made from wooden frames covered with bark. They were common among Algonquin tribes.

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1. Wampum belts: Used as a system for record keeping and storytelling.

2. Strong trade networks between tribes using rivers as transportation routes.

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• Present day southeastern United States

• Bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Mexico to the south / west.

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• Coastal plains, river valleys, swamps, and rolling hills.

• Warm, humid climate with long summers and mild winters.

• Fertile soil made this region ideal for farming.

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• Cherokee tribe

• Creek tribe

• Choctaw tribe

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• Main methods: farming

• "Three sisters"

• Sunflowers

• Hunted small games

• Fished in rivers and coastal waters

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• Wattle and daub houses: Wooden frames coated with clay / mud and thatched or shingled roofs.

• Chickees: Open-sided, palm-thatched homes.

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1. Mound building: Large ceremonial earth mounds for temples

2. Advanced political systems: Tribes had councils and laws

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• Covers the central region of North America

• Present-day Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas

• Known as the Great Plains wide, flat, grassy lands

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• Geography: Vast grasslands, few trees, many rivers and streams.

• Climate: Hot summers, cold winters, and occasional droughts.

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• Sioux tribe

• Cheyenne tribe

• Comanche tribe

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• Main source: Hunting buffalo (bison) provided meat, hides, and bones for food, clothing and tools.

• Hunted small animals.

• Gathered berries, nuts, and roots.

• Some eastern Plains tribes farmed corn, beans, and squash.

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Tipis: Cone shaped tents made of wooden poles covered with buffalo hides.

• Easy to set up and down.

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1. Nomadic lifestyle: They followed buffalo herds and moved their homes often.

2. Horse culture: Horses helped them hunt and travel faster.

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• Present day Arizona, New Mexico, parts of northern Mexico.

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• Geography: Deserts, canyons, mountains, and dry riverbeds.

• Climate: Very hot summers, mild winters, and little rainfall.

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• Hopi tribe

• Navajo tribe

• Apache tribe

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• Farming was very important

• Hunted small animals and deer.

• Gathered nuts, berries, and cactus fruit.

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• Pueblos: Multi story houses made from adobe strong and cool inside.

• Hogans: Navajo homes made from wood, and mud.

• Designed for hot, dry climate.

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•Adobe houses: Built homes from sun dried bricks to stay cool in heat.

• Irrigation farming: Made canals to bring water to crops.

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• Present day Nevada, much of Utah and California

• Surrounded by the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada.

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• Geography: Mostly desert, salt flats, and mountains.

• Climate: Very dry with hot summers and cold winters.

• Few rivers and little rain hard to farm.

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• Shoshone tribe

• Paiute tribe

• Ute tribe

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• Mainly gatherers collected seeds, roots, and berries.

• Hunted rabbits and other small animals.

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• Wickiups: Small, cone shaped shelters made from wood, brush, and grass.

• Easy to build and move.

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• Moved a lot: Traveled to find food and water.

• Expert gatherers: Knew many wild plants to eat.

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• Present day California

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• Geography: Very diverse. beaches, forests, deserts, and mountains.

• Climate: Mild and wet along the coast, hot and dry inland.

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• Pomo tribe

• Chumash tribe

• Miwok tribe

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• Gathered acorns, berries.

• Hunted deer, rabbits, and birds.

• Fished for salmon and shellfish along the coast.

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• Cone-shaped houses made from tule reeds or cedar bark.

• Some built plank houses from redwood or cedar.

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1. Acorn food: Acorns were a main part of the diet.

2. Many languages: More than 100 tribal languages in the region.

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• Coastal areas of present day Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and southern Alaska.

• Includes islands, bays, and river mouths in the Pacific Ocean.

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• Geography: Dense forests, mountains, rivers, and rocky coastline.

• Climate: Mild temperatures, wet and rainy most of the year.

• Rich natural resources from both the land and sea.

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• Tlingit

• Haida

• Kwakiutl

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• Main food from the sea: salmon, halibut, seals, and shellfish.

• Also hunted deer, bear, and sea mammals.

• Gathered berries, roots, and seaweed.

• Preserved fish and meat by smoking and drying.

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• Plank houses made from cedar wood.

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• Totem poles: Tall carved poles showing family history and important stories.

• Potlatch feasts: Big gatherings with gift-giving and dancing.

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Between the Cascade Mountains and the Rocky Mountains in present-day eastern Washington.

Includes river valleys and mountains.

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Geography: River valleys, mountains, forests, and some grasslands.

Climate: Cold winters, warm summers, moderate rainfall.

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• Nez Perce tribe

• Spokane tribe

• Flathead tribe

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Main food was salmon from rivers like the Columbia and Snake.

Hunted deer and small game.

Gathered berries, and nuts.

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• Pit houses: Dug into the ground with wooden frames, covered with earth for winter warmth.

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1. River fishing: Expert salmon fishers with special nets and traps.

2. Seasonal movement: Lived in pit houses in winter, tents in summer.