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question 3

When reading/reviewing Miner's Body Ritual Among the Nacirema I was pretty shocked. the descriptions the author gave us of the "holy mouth men" and the "body shrines" sounded really strange and hard for me to envision initially. From the text, “The daily body ritual performed by everyone includes a mouth-rite. Despite the fact that these people are so punctilious about care of the mouth, this rite involves a practice which strikes the uninitiated stranger as revolting.” This description was sickening to me in a way. I am familiar with the description but why is it worded in such a revolting way I was thinking to myself when reading this. When I continued to read this, I got a little used to the language and was better able to understand what Miner was saying. What he was referring to as the "holy mouth men" was what I considered to be him describing a dental specialist. He uses such different language it is hard to catch on. What was even more humorous to me was the way he described the bathroom to be a "Body Shrine". While in our Western civilization this jargon seems to be really odd, it makes sense when you are putting yourself into a different perspective of people that don't necessarily have the commodities that many of us have in today's America. This piece shapes the reader's mind into accepting something that is normal for them but not for others. These cultural practices that we consider normal or ordinary for us were shaped by others beliefs and/ or values.

Question 2

the global rights of older people and disable people have similarities but they are different legally and socially. When reading the CRPD it focuses a lot on the " respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices" (article 3). The UNited Nations article states that " Older persons should be able to live in dignity and security and be free of exploitation and physical or mental abuse". These are both groups/ advocates that promise the freedom of social and legal discrimination and that it gives them the rights to function in a society. In the PFOP it emphasizes care and protection rather than empowerment compared to the CRPD that mainly focuses on self advocacy and empowerment.

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2. What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

As I read the United Nations article (1991) it mentions that older people and people with disabilities are supposed to have the same exact equal rights. The UN Principles for Older Persons (1991) argues that older people should be treated with respect, be able to live with dignity, have access to healthcare, and stay involved in their communities. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2012) says the same thing for disabled people. That disabled people should have equal rights, freedom to make their own choices, and support to live independently.

One similarity is that both groups are often ignored in today's society. For example, both articles talk a lot about how these people should not be discriminated against, and that countries should help encourage them by making sure they can still work their jobs, attend any school they would like, and live wherever they would want to.

There are some differences too. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an agreement that countries agree to follow. People sometimes forget that older people also face unfair treatment.

3. What were your reactions to “Body Ritual Among the Nacirema”? How does this piece highlight the importance of culture? In what ways is U.S. culture distinct from the Nacireman culture when it comes to body rituals?

At first, I was not sure what to think when I saw the title “Body Ritual Among the Nacirema”. As I began to read the article I saw that it describes things like going to the “holy-mouth-man” which is a phrase for a dentist. And visiting temples called “latipso” which is actually the hospital. But then I realized it’s actually describing American culture in a new way.

This article allows us to see that culture is important because it gives a new idea to what we think is normal in our everyday lives. The Nacirema do things like brushing their teeth with magical powders or getting surgeries to make their bodies better. It sounds really weird when I describe it that way, but it’s actually normal in America. It makes you think that if someone from another country came in and saw how much time we spend on our looks, I could see some people finding that a little off.

A difference between how American culture is shown and the way we usually think of it is that we don’t see our body routines as some kind of ritual. The article shows us that Americans have really strong beliefs about our beauty, and appearance. The article Made me look at my own habits the same way I would have looked at another culture. A lot of curiosity, but no judgement.

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What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

By reading the ‘UN Principles for Older Persons’(UNPOP) and specifically the ‘UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities’(UNCRPD) I found the most similarities and contrasts with this topic (2012; 1991). Beginning with similarities I found both of the primary initiatives of these articles were to showcase and state in a more lawful tone that these groups, or communities of individuals, deserve to have basic respect, equality, and human rights (2012; 1991) The UNPOP then goes down a numerous list of bills/statements that showcase the specific details to explain what ‘equality and human rights’ entail similar/identical to what the UNCRPD article states (2012; 1991). A line from UNCRPD, which captures what they meant and wrote about, states, “…to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity," (2012). This quote is a perfect line of what both of these article's state and clarify. It is sad how cultures and governments alike don’t ‘view’ people within these communities as human and deserving of rights, which cause right movements and articles such as these to be written. Nonetheless, one of the bigger differences I had noticed, however, was first in the UNPOP article tends to speak about the elderly in a more negative and less empowering light then the UNCRPD (2012; 1991). Not to mention there is a line from UNPOP that states, “Mindful that the strains on family life in both developed and developing countries require support for those providing care to frail older persons…” which again is more negative and rather a harsh statement when there are plenty of older individuals who live and function perfectly well independently (1991). Which is where I tend to see the difference, as they still state those of the older community and assistance, but those who are disabled, and presumably young, don’t need help at all. Lastly, the only other more significant difference between the two I saw was on the UNCRPD article, where it mentions the social model and goes more in-depth about the causes and effects of it and the rights for people with disabilities (2012).

What were your reactions to the Body Ritual of the Nacirema? How does this piece highlight the importance of culture? In what ways is U.S. culture distinct from the Nacirema culture when it comes to body rituals?

With the initial reading and reaction, I was humored by it, stunned, and slightly disgusted. I say disgusted because reading past primary sources during colonialism and imperialism missions, you can see the eerie similarity of how this is written in ways white men wrote about conquering indigenous areas, whether that be Native American lands or the land and/or people in Africa. Nonetheless, I think it highlights the importance of culture as it goes through a different perspectives, which is good as the reader (assuming they are an American) wouldn’t be able to digest an article bashing the American culture and the obscurities of it, comparatively, than reading a “new” culture in society and then realizing it was about them. Overall, I think it was really impressive and more impactful through this approach as people would be more open-minded towards it. It continues to show the different significant parts of our society/culture with the high pedestal of economics, the ‘listener’ or ‘medicine man who doesn’t hold all the ingredients but writes on a paper…’ etc.; but, it mentions other rules and practices of our everyday lives, like how mothers are usually blamed for a misbehaving child etc., or how we put the burden onto ourselves yet continue to preserve and continue with the destructive and illogical ways of our society. It shows a great perspective of our society, culture, and overall reality, in a unique and effective way.

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3. When I first read Horace Miner’s essay, it seemed like an in-depth study of a distant, isolated culture filled with unusual and perplexing rituals. Descriptions such as using “hog hairs” (Miner, 504). This was teeth cleaning, and many endured painful sessions with a “holy-mouth-man,” (Miner, 504). They would also make offerings to “listeners” (Miner, 506). This culture seemed strange and misunderstood. It wasn’t until I realized that Miner was describing common American practices in disguise that the satire became clear.

This shift in perspective encouraged me to reconsider how even the most ordinary behaviors can appear unusual when viewed from an unfamiliar point of view.

Miner’s essay cleverly critiques ritualistic themes and offers a valuable lesson in cultural differences. By reimagining everyday American actions in elaborate, ritualistic terms, he reveals how cultural bias shapes our understanding of the world. For example, brushing teeth is depicted as a sacred ritual involving “hog hairs” (a toothbrush) and “holy charms” (toothpaste) to maintain one’s “moral purity.” Similarly, visits to the “holy-mouth-man” (dentist) are framed as painful rites meant to restore the sanctity of the mouth. “Listeners” (therapists) are portrayed as ritual leaders who guide individuals through personal challenges in ceremonial settings (Miner, 506). These examples demonstrate that actions we view as normal, like going to the dentist or seeking therapy, are deeply linked to cultural ideals about health, appearance, and morality.

The main difference between U.S. culture and Nacirema culture lies not in the rituals themselves, but in how they are perceived. The Nacirema are actually Americans. Miner uses masks to focus on the ritualistic nature of familiar practices. While Americans view dental visits and medical care as routine activities, Miner presents them as ceremonial acts performed by figures who cause discomfort in order to restore “order.”

This perspective challenges us to recognize how deeply our values especially those related to appearance, health, and social statuses that are embedded in even the most simple actions.

The body ritual among the Nacirema causes us to question what we consider “normal” and shows how cultural beliefs shape our perceptions (Miner, 1956). It urges us to analyze our society with the same critical lens we use to examine others. Ultimately, the essay emphasizes that understanding other cultures starts with recognizing the hidden rituals and assumptions that influence our own (Miner, 1956). This reading has increased my awareness of how culture affects every facet of our lives and has reinforced the importance of self-reflection in maintaining fairness.

4. The social model of disability, as outlined in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), redefines disability not as an individual medical condition but as a consequence of barriers within society can be they physical, institutional, or attitudinal (CRPD, 2012). Instead of concentrating on impairments, this model urges us to identify and eliminate the obstacles that isolate individuals with disabilities from participating fully in society. It emphasizes that the responsibility lies with governments, organizations, and communities to create inclusive environments where everyone can engage equally.

One clear example of environmental barriers is inaccessible public infrastructure. Many cities still have bus stops, subway stations, and trains that lack ramps, elevators, or low-floor boarding options. For someone using a wheelchair or walker, these shortcomings can make commuting, working, attending school, or socializing nearly impossible. Article 9 of the CRPD offers a broad definition of accessibility, which focuses on physical spaces, transportation, and communication systems, reminding us that without these features, individuals with disabilities are effectively excluded from everyday life (CRPD, 2012).

Negative social attitudes and stigma also contribute to disabling environments. In many workplaces, individuals with disabilities are unfairly viewed as “less capable” and are denied job opportunities or necessary accommodations (CRPD, 2012). For example, an employer might overlook a qualified candidate simply because they assume that a disability will restrict performance. The CRPD emphasizes the need to dismantle such prejudices and insists that people with disabilities be recognized as full, rights-bearing citizens entitled to education, employment, and public participation (CRPD, 2012). A disability is not inherent to the individual but occurs when society fails to design inclusively for everyone.

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Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important?

Global declarations of rights for old and disabled people are necessary as it ensures the protection, equity and overall well-being for everyone. It helps prevent any form of neglect towards those that are disabled or elderly. It encourages everyone to be included in activities, as well as general ability to advocate for oneself. In the text "The UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities" it firsthand prevents mistreatment towards those considered disabled. Discusses How the convention requires countries to prohibit discrimination against individuals with disabilities this would include exclusion or restrictions based on disability that impairs or nullifies the equal entry of human rights and freedoms it also recognizes that discrimination can occur even when people are treated equally when their disabilities are not taken for account, such as those with employers being able to have accommodations. Moving on to another text that helped represent these. In "United Nations Principles for Older Persons" It highlights the advocacy part that I mentioned, along with overall well-being. United Nations Principles for Older Persons, mentions basic independent tasks, such as having the accessibility to "food, water, shelter clothes, healthcare, work, and education", It mentions "involvement with society", Access to family and community care, and being able to be involved in other groups associated with "different cultural beliefs, spiritual connections, educational opportunities."

What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences? The text that I mentioned above could be included into this answer as well. Both global rights have a firm stance of no discrimination. Giving options for both groups to have access to activities with others, being able to provide some sort of care to both groups and lastly having a connection with what human rights they have ability to each. Some differences between global groups, include those within global rights of disabled people would have the option to accommodations within work, educational setting and such. Though not much is offered for those within global old people rights. Disability can include a very large range of things such as Physical, mental, intellectual, sensory etc. related impairments though for those that are older individuals their issues would be related to aging such as access to healthcare potentially Social Security and the potential for elderly abuse.

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1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.

Global declarations of rights are important for old and disabled people to protect them against ableism and ageism. This goes hand-in-hand with striking down stereotypes in order to maintain equity among both groups which is also crucial, as well as ensuring they have access to their basic needs and rights, such as education and health autonomy.

2. What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

For starters, the global rights of old people compared to the global rights of disabled people (both defined by United Nations) are presented differently between the two readings; for older persons, they are provided with a specified list, while persons with disabilities are presented with generalized concepts of coverage. Both protect the groups’ accesses to fair treatment and basic needs and against neglect. They are granted access to justice, the right to living and many other subjects within living, and to various services/resources.

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1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.

Global declarations of rights for old and disabled people are necessary to ensure that these often marginalized groups receive equal treatment and protection under the law. These declarations help combat discrimination, ensuring that both elderly and disabled individuals are not excluded from society due to age or physical or mental conditions. They also promote access to essential services such as healthcare, housing, education, and transportation—areas where these populations are often underserved. Furthermore, global declarations raise awareness and push governments to create inclusive policies, ultimately helping to ensure that older and disabled individuals can live with dignity, independence, and full participation in community life.

2. What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

The global rights of old people and disabled people share many similarities, as both aim to guarantee equality, protect human dignity, and ensure access to services and full participation in society. Both groups are vulnerable to exclusion, so international rights frameworks stress the importance of non-discrimination, protection from abuse, and support for independent living. However, there are key differences. Rights for disabled people tend to emphasize accessibility—such as ramps, communication aids, and inclusive education—while the rights of older people focus more on age-specific concerns like elder care, retirement income, and protection from neglect or isolation. Though their needs may differ, both groups benefit from a shared commitment to inclusion and respect.

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1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.

The declarations of rights for old and disabled people are necessary for a myriad of reasons. For elder individuals, this declaration is necessary and important because the number of these individuals is increasing rapidly every year, it is harder for elder individuals to participate in society (whether it be work or socializing), and because basic rights such as healthcare and living situations are limited and expensive. For disabled people, it is necessary because (similarly to the number of older people) the number of disabled people is increasing rapidly each year (with about 15% of the world’s population experiencing a disability in their life), accessible options for disabled people to live their life is limited, and accessibility in the form of culture/social interaction (ASL, captioning) is also limited.

2. What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

The similarities in each of the declarations include that both highlight the rights of these groups through the work they “provide to society”, they both talk about inclusivity within these groups (expanded on in the differences), and they both talk about accessibility within these groups. The differences in each of these declarations include that in the declaration for disabled people, it only talks about inclusivity within that community when it comes to women and children. In the declaration for older people, it highlights inclusivity when it comes to racial, cultural, and physical differences. Another difference is that the declaration for disabled people has a lot more detail and subsections of information. While the declaration for older people includes points on what rights that group has, the declaration for disabled people goes more into detail with statistics and current situations.

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1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary?

Because it helps protect them and promote the dignity, safety, and equality of individuals who often face discrimination or neglect. The three reasons are Protection from Abuse, Inclusion and Participation, and Accountability.

2. What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

Older people and people with disabilities have similarities in that their focus is on dignity, equality, and protection from discrimination. Both of the groups are often excluded from full participation in society. Their rights emphasize access to healthcare services and community life. Disability rights often highlight accessibility and accommodations, while older people's rights focus more on elder care and protection from neglect.

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Prompt number 3: When I originally read the title I thought it was going to be a different type of ritual one that involved like tattooing or some type of body markings. This ritual is essential to their culture to the point the will harm themselves and others in the process. I think the most shocking one was where women bake their heads in small ovens. Culture is so many different things but certain rituals and ceremonies are things that separate one from another. This ritual is something that is passed down generation to generation. I would say it is distinct in the fact that we see it as an act of barbarity to mutilate oneself. Mutilation of the body is often seen as a sign of mental illness or some underlying condition. One thing that stood out to me was the line “ The fundamental underlying belief is that the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is to disability and disease.” I feel like a lot of people in the US don’t view the body this way. I’ve heard things like “the body is a temple” or the push for more body positivity. I thought it was also interesting towards then end that it was mentioned some with almost “inhuman” hyermammary development made a handsome living by going village to village and allowing people to stare at them for a fee. In the US this wouldn’t be viewed the same way since body deformities are not the “norm.”

Prompt 1: It is important because old and disabled people make up such a large majority of the population and are so underrepresented. They even state “individuals are reaching an advanced age in greater numbers and in better health than ever before.” People are living longer and the average age people live till will only continue to get higher. People with disabilities are also living a lot longer because of medical and care advancements. A few hundred years ago something like blindness or cerebral palsy might’ve meant a death sentence. Even with old and disabled people making up such a large portion of our population they are severely underrepresented. They can’t afford care or access it, they constantly have to face discrimination for something that will either happen to all of us or could happen to us at anytime, and they often dont have a voice in decisions. Also, I thought it was interesting the line “the dignity and worth of a human” because often older and disabled people have freedoms taken away or aren’t given the same opportunities as “able-bodied” people. They lose all freedom as a human when they’re put somewhere like a nursing home.

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1. Global declarations of rights for old and/or disabled individuals are essential. Often, people in positions of power don't understand that individuals can need support and still maintain complete autonomy. With protections in place to guarantee the rights of old/disabled individuals, it forces society to confront their automatic dehumanization and/or disbelief that comes with pain and disability. Declarations of rights also ensure that old and/or disabled individuals are still provided with access to spaces and resources.

2. There are certainly similarities in the rules protecting public access and opportunities. Still, you can tell there is a multi-cultural historical tendency to respect older generations. In contrast, there are very few cultures that respect disability, and in the majority of societies, there is often a lot of dehumanization and stigma surrounding disabilities. If you compare the first bullets of protected rights (UN Disabilities and UN Older Persons), you see that the first right for Older Persons is essentially the right to live comfortably. In contrast, the first bullet in Disabilities promises the right to live. Older individuals' rights to live as they choose and do what they want are protected, and disabled individuals are simply granted some protection in the form of fundamental human rights and protection from dehumanization, torture, and eugenics.

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What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

Similarities:

The purpose of the global rights of old people and disabled people are to allow the individuals to have equal opportunities and freedoms like the rest of the country. Despite race, sex, and social groups, the goal is to provide equality and equal opportunity for everyone.

Differences:

Society sees age as a good thing in society due to their ability of influencing society (United Nations Principles for Older Persons, 1991). They want to focus on the older populations ability to have independence, participation in society, the care they receive, their self fulfillment, and their dignity (United Nations Principles fro Older Persons, 1991). Older people are seen in society to just get help so they can live life, but a lot of older people are forgot about, which can leave them feeling sad, alone, and not feeling like themselves. They are so used to doing life they want to but in the blink of an eye, their lives change because of age and their lives might be stripped away from them. This can be the same with people with disabilities, the one day they are living life and the next their life is changed; however, society may see disabilities in a different light.

One of the difference between aging and disabilities is that the number of disabled people in the world are among the poorest nations (McCallum, 2012). Now everyday we see people with disabilities, but we don’t seem to think about the extreme cases where they don’t have many resources. When people age, it is normal to get help from a caretaker, but I feel like society doesn’t think the same for people with disabilities. The Convention is trying to protect disabled people in these situations so they can have equal economic, social, and political rights when living in these nations and communities (McCallum, 2012).

The Convention emphasizes the importance of eight principles including “Respect for inherent dignity and individual autonomy, non-discrimination, full and effective participation and inclusion in society, respect for difference, equality of opportunity, accessibility, equality between men and women, and respect for the evolving capacities of children”(McCallum, 2012). The main focus of this group is to help people with disabilities be involved in society while giving them the equal opportunity to do so.

What is the social model of disability (as discussed in the the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities)? Describe it in your own words. Provide at least two examples of how attitudes or environments can be disabling.

The social model of disability describes the fact that people with disabilities are treated differently in todays society, and advocates to change that. The UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities is trying to stop that stigma and help get justice and fairness for people with disabilities to live equally as anyone else. The UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities said they want to alter attitudes in the government towards getting people with disabilities their freedoms, human rights, and change the prejudices (McCallum, 2012). Attitudes from yourself and others can be disabling and affect how your live your life. One example is if you are around people who always question you or don’t believe in you and treat you less than, it will impact the way you think of yourself. This could result in you not believing in yourself and altering how you respond to situations, make decisions, or live your daily life. Another example could be from an environment that “babies” you and protects you from any hurtful situation. This could be from loved ones or even facilities where people with disabilities may go to get help with ADLs or living situations. Being surrounded in an environment like this would cause the individual to be disabled from the world and not prepare them for situations that may occur, ultimately harming the individual when they are put into one of these situations. Having a balance helps prepare the individual but also can make an impact on society to see how the world may see people with disabilities.

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What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

Similarities between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people are both groups of people are asked to be treated with respect, have equal amount of opportunities, and rights to help against discrimination amongst both groups. Some differences between the two groups is that the rights are based off similarities but for different reasons. For example elderly rights focus on their rights to health care and age discrimination while disability rights focus on accessibility and inclusion.

What is the social model of disability (as discussed in the the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities)? Describe it in your own words. Provide at least two examples of how attitudes or environments can be disabling.

The social model of disability views disabilities as a result of the interaction between individuals with physical and mental disabilities and social barriers, rather than the disabilities themselves. Two examples of this kind of interaction is discriminatory attitudes such as being treated differently because of there disability, and lack of support such as not having wheelchair access or transportation can create disabling conditions. This can effect people with disabilities because they do not feel excepted or made to feel they do not belong in society. This model supports inclusion by focusing and removing the social barriers to make it possible for people with disabilities to have full participation in society.

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 3. What were your reactions to the Body Ritual of the Nacirema? How does this piece highlight the importance of culture? In what ways is U.S. culture distinct from the Nacireman culture when it comes to body rituals? 1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.                                                   

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 3. What were your reactions to the Body Ritual of the Nacirema? How does this piece highlight the importance of culture? In what ways is U.S. culture distinct from the Nacireman culture when it comes to body rituals? 1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.                                                   

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3. I'm going to be honest the Nacireman culture felt extremely barbaric to me. Despite understanding that faith plays a great deal in how they conduct their day-to-day life I cannot fathom why one would submit themselves to routine tortures just to be seen as more faithful by those around them.

The article highlighted that although most individuals reading might find these practices barbaric, it was practices like these that allowed humans to evolve as a whole. "But without its power and guidance early man could not have mastered his practical difficulties as he has done, nor could man have advanced to higher stages of civilization" (Miner 6).

Therefore, even cultures differing from one's own are important because they can help that civilization evolve in their own way.

U.S culture is distinct from Nacireman culture when it comes to body rituals because they aren't nearly as private. Intercourse is often a desired and fun event rather than coldly scheduled. Although the U.S does have some taboo regarding intercourse, it is much less extreme than that of the Nacireman culture. It is not unheard of for a man or woman to undress in front of a trusted friend or a boyfriend/girlfriend in the U.S. Whereas in Naci reman culture dictates that the only time that someone's entire body may be exposed is in a temple used to heal the extremely ill, or in other hidden or private ways inside the temples in one's home. "The supplicant entering the temple is first stripped of all his/her clothes. In every-day life the Nacirema avoids exposure of his body and its natural functions" (Miner 4). We essentially do the same thing at doctor's offices in which we put on a paper robe and don't think all that much of it. This act, however, is practically unheard of for the Nacirema.

1. Global declarations of rights for old and disabled people are necessary because without them people would still be under the impression that giving old and disabled people the same rights as young and abled people is equality. This is not true. Although giving old and disabled people the same rights as young and abled people is equal, it is not equality.

1.a If global declarations of rights for old individuals did not happen, family of the older individual would continue to make decisions on their behalf often times without their input or consent. "5. Older persons should be able to live in environments that are safe and adaptable to personal preferences and changing capacities" (United Nations Principles for Older Persons 2).

1.b If global declarations for rights for disabled individuals did not happen, many individuals would still discriminate against people with disabilities purely because they had something labeled as a disability. "The Convention requires countries to prohibit discrimination against persons with disabilities" (Professor Emeritus Ron McCallum AO 5).

1.c If global declarations for rights for older individuals did not happen, many older individuals would still be treated in a way that completely voided them of dignity. Things like having to use bed pans in front of others just because it's convenient despite how undignified it is. "17. Older persons should be able to live in dignity and security and be free of exploitation and physical or mental abuse" (United Nations Principles for Older Persons 2).

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Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.

One reason old and disabled people need global rights is the protection from discrimination and marginalization; both groups face unjust treatment, such as neglect and negative stereotyping. Discrimination can happen even when people are treated as equals, but their unique situations are not met accordingly (International Paralympic Committee, 2012). This also applies to older individuals, as they are often seen as a problem or as a hindrance rather than someone who can provide anything useful. This is why we need to correct this and make sure that we provide them with individuality and that they can participate in society (United Nations, 1991). Another reason is to have universal standards for human rights for these types of individuals. By doing this, it will set global norms that can be used as guides for countries in how to help older and disabled people as a social responsibility and not as an individual problem. An example comes from the fact that this legally binds these countries to ensure that they provide accessibility, proper education, healthcare, and employment rights for those who are disabled (International Paralympic Committee, 2012). Another example is with the older persons' principles that emphasize the basic rights of older individuals, like food, shelter, healthcare, and proper legal protection. As the last point, when it comes to both these groups, providing empowerment and proper inclusion is necessary. Older individuals are encouraged to remain active within their community by doing volunteer work, passing down knowledge to the next generation (United Nations, 1991). This can also apply to disabled individuals as they are given the footing, they need in areas such as sports, politics, and empowering them to lead a fruitful life (International Paralympic Committee, 2012).

What similarities exist between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

Similarities:

1. Both struggle with dignity and equality issues, as both deserve to live with dignity and should be able to live freely from discrimination (International Paralympic Committee, 2012; United Nations, 1991).

2. With both groups, Access to basic needs and services like healthcare, housing, education, and transportation is a big struggle with disabled and older individuals, as it is all fundamental for us that we take advantage of (International Paralympic Committee, 2012; United Nations, 1991).

Differences:

1. When it comes to disabled individuals, they use a social model of disability that focuses on society and its barriers (International Paralympic Committee, 2012). But with older individuals, it is more focused on the individual and how to support them holistically.

2. When it comes to specific rules provided disabled people have rules to provide accommodations for them and give them the proper accessibility to what they might need and in their environment. While with older individuals, they focus on providing proper care and protection from abuse (International Paralympic Committee, 2012; United Nations, 1991).

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3. When I first read Horace Miner’s essay, it seemed like an in-depth study of a distant, isolated culture filled with unusual and perplexing rituals. Descriptions such as using “hog hairs” for teeth cleaning, enduring painful sessions with a “holy-mouth-man,” and making offerings to “listeners” seemed strange and misunderstood (Miner, 1956). It wasn’t until I realized that Miner was describing common American practices in disguise that the satire became clear.

This shift in perspective encouraged me to reconsider how even the most ordinary behaviors can appear unusual when viewed from an unfamiliar point of view.

Miner’s essay cleverly critiques ritualistic themes and offers a valuable lesson in cultural differences. By reimagining everyday American actions in elaborate, ritualistic terms, he reveals how cultural bias shapes our understanding of the world. For example, brushing teeth is depicted as a sacred ritual involving “hog hairs” (a toothbrush) and “holy charms” (toothpaste) to maintain one’s “moral purity.” Similarly, visits to the “holy-mouth-man” (dentist) are framed as painful rites meant to restore the sanctity of the mouth. “Listeners” (therapists) are portrayed as ritual leaders who guide individuals through personal challenges in ceremonial settings (Miner, 1956). These examples demonstrate that actions we view as normal, like going to the dentist or seeking therapy, are deeply linked to cultural ideals about health, appearance, and morality.

The main difference between U.S. culture and Nacirema culture lies not in the rituals themselves, but in how they are perceived. The Nacirema are actually Americans. Miner uses masks to focus on the ritualistic nature of familiar practices. While Americans view dental visits and medical care as routine activities, Miner presents them as ceremonial acts performed by figures who cause discomfort in order to restore “order.”

This perspective challenges us to recognize how deeply our values especially those related to appearance, health, and social statuses that are embedded in even the most simple actions.

The body ritual among the Nacirema causes us to question what we consider “normal” and shows how cultural beliefs shape our perceptions (Miner, 1956). It urges us to analyze our society with the same critical lens we use to examine others. Ultimately, the essay emphasizes that understanding other cultures starts with recognizing the hidden rituals and assumptions that influence our own (Miner, 1956). This reading has increased my awareness of how culture affects every facet of our lives and has reinforced the importance of self-reflection in maintaining fairness.

4. The social model of disability, as outlined in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), redefines disability not as an individual medical condition but as a consequence of barriers within society can be they physical, institutional, or attitudinal (CRPD, 2012). Instead of concentrating on impairments, this model urges us to identify and eliminate the obstacles that isolate individuals with disabilities from participating fully in society. It emphasizes that the responsibility lies with governments, organizations, and communities to create inclusive environments where everyone can engage equally.

One clear example of environmental barriers is inaccessible public infrastructure. Many cities still have bus stops, subway stations, and trains that lack ramps, elevators, or low-floor boarding options. For someone using a wheelchair or walker, these shortcomings can make commuting, working, attending school, or socializing nearly impossible. Article 9 of the CRPD offers a broad definition of accessibility, which focuses on physical spaces, transportation, and communication systems, reminding us that without these features, individuals with disabilities are effectively excluded from everyday life (CRPD, 2012).

Negative social attitudes and stigma also contribute to disabling environments. In many workplaces, individuals with disabilities are unfairly viewed as “less capable” and are denied job opportunities or necessary accommodations (CRPD, 2012). For example, an employer might overlook a qualified candidate simply because they assume that a disability will restrict performance. The CRPD emphasizes the need to dismantle such prejudices and insists that people with disabilities be recognized as full, rights-bearing citizens entitled to education, employment, and public participation (CRPD, 2012). A disability is not inherent to the individual but occurs when society fails to design inclusively for everyone.

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1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.

Global declarations of rights for seniors and individuals with disabilities are essential, particularly as the population of older adults and disabled persons grows globally (McCallum, p. 4). This is highlighted in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the United Nations Principles for Older Persons. It is crucial to create opportunities for marginalized groups, such as older adults and individuals with disabilities, to engage actively in society. Research has shown that creating inclusive environments leads to significant benefits not only for these groups but for society. There are three key reasons why these declarations are crucial: they help maintain mental and emotional well-being, which is essential to prevent or delay illnesses like depression, anxiety, and dementia, particularly in older populations; they provide targeted opportunities for both older adults and disabled individuals to pursue education, employment, and personal development, allowing them to reach their full potential and contribute meaningfully to their communities; and they empower these groups to share their valuable knowledge and skills with younger generations, fostering an environment of mutual respect and learning while ensuring that these interactions occur free from exploitation and any form of abuse, as emphasized in the documents previously mentioned (United Nations Principles for Older Persons, p. 2). Opportunities often unavailable to older and disabled individuals include access to quality healthcare, employment options that meet their needs, social engagement activities, and tailored transportation services. The Opportunities Rights Declaration could provide older and disabled people with better healthcare, improved job prospects, and increased participation in community activities.

4. What is the social model of disability (as discussed in the the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities)? Describe it in your own words. Provide at least two examples of how attitudes or environments can be disabling.

The social model of disability, as outlined in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, defines disability not only by physical or mental challenges but also as a situation largely shaped by society's attitudes and the environment. For example, a person with mobility challenges may face barriers not only due to their condition but also because buildings often lack ramps, demonstrating how societal structures can impact individuals' experiences. This model emphasizes that society has a shared responsibility to address issues related to disabilities, recognizing individuals with disabilities as active rights holders who can assert and claim their rights (McCallum, p. 8). Additionally, the conversation includes the notion of equal treatment in education. For instance, treating all students the same by offering a standard curriculum can unintentionally overlook the specific support needed by those with disabilities, such as additional time on tests for students with learning disabilities. This oversight can lead to significant human rights issues by failing to address the varied needs of all students. While equality is important for fairness, it shouldn't be confused with 'equity.' Equity means providing each student the personalized help they need to succeed. For example, a student with autism may need a quiet space to focus during exams. Understanding that some individuals may require more support than others to achieve similar outcomes is crucial (McCallum, p. 4). Moreover, negative societal views about mental health, such as the harmful belief that seeking therapy shows weakness, can create major barriers. For instance, this stigma may prevent individuals from reaching out for counseling services after a traumatic event or seeking help for anxiety and depression. These stereotypes can hinder people from getting the assistance they need, leading to an environment where mental health problems go unaddressed and worsen over time.

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Prompt 1: Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons declarations are important.

1. Protection from Abuse and Neglect:

Global declarations help safeguard the dignity and well-being of older and disabled persons b explicitly recognizing their rights. According to the UN’s Normative standards in international human rights law in relation to older persons, older people frequently suffer from neglect, abuse, and violence, which are often invisible and underreported. A global declaration creates legal and ethical accountability for protecting them.

2. Eliminating Discrimination:

Both older people and people with disabilities face systemic discrimination in employment, healthcare, and social inclusion. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) emphasizes the need to “combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices” (Article 8). Similarly, the older persons report highlights ageism as a structural problem that impairs their access to services and participation in society.

3. Promoting Inclusion and Autonomy:

These declarations emphasize that both older and disabled people are not passive recipients of care but individuals with autonomy, agency, and rights. The CRPD calls for full participation in society, including political and public life. For older people, the normative standards document reinforces the right to live independently and make one’s own choices (p. 8), which is crucial to maintaining dignity.

Prompt 4: What is the social model of disability (as discussed in the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities)? Describe it in your own words. Provide at least two examples of how attitudes or environments can be disabling.

The social model of disability, as outlined in the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, defines disability not merely as a medical condition, but because of the interaction between a person’s impairment and barriers in society whether physical, attitudinal, or systemic. Disability is created by society's failure to accommodate differences, rather than the individual’s condition alone.

Example 1 Physical Environment: A person who uses a wheelchair is not disabled by their inability to walk but by the absence of ramps or elevators in public spaces. Lack of accessible infrastructure turns an impairment into a disabling condition.

Example 2 Social Attitudes: Stigma or low expectations from teachers or employers toward people with cognitive or sensory disabilities can lead to exclusion from education and employment opportunities. These attitudes become barriers that disable the person socially and economically.

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1. Why are global declarations of rights for old and disabled people necessary? Provide at least three reasons these declarations are important.

2. What similarities are there between the global rights of old people and the global rights of disabled people? What are the differences?

3. What were your reactions to the Body Ritual of the Nacirema? How does this piece highlight the importance of culture? In what ways is U.S. culture distinct from the Nacireman culture when it comes to body rituals?

4. What is the social model of disability (as discussed in the the UN Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities)? Describe it in your own words. Provide at least two examples of how attitudes or environments can be disabling.