# data[].attributes.body
Poverty affects 1 in 8 Australians (including 1 in 6 children).

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'health for all'

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Health for all - every Australian has equal opportunity to realise their full potential by 2030

# data[].attributes.body
Aiming for a state of 'health for all'. To do that we need to accelerate action that focuses on the multiple determinants of health. There also needs to be coordinated and sustained action across multiple sectors, settings and all levels of government.

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Governments, communities, and multiple sectors must work together to reduce health inequities.

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'One in ten Victorians aged 18– 24 years ran out of food and could not

afford to buy more.'

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the right to access resources and environments for a long and healthy life for all.

# data[].attributes.body
Outline a post- pandemic pathway to health for all, focusing on issues and opportunities relating to the social, physical, cultural and commercial determinants

# data[].attributes.body
barriers to health and wellbeing impact access and equity

individual lifestyles and intersecting determinants of health have a significant impact on "health for all"

Change at a government level to have larger positive flow down effects

Planetary health

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Healthy environments in which we live, work, play, grow, learn and age.

Aiming for a state of 'health for all'.

Social determinants of health

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exposure to the marketing tactics of the alcohol, gambling and unhealthy food and drink industries negatively influences perceptions and behaviours across the life course

# data[].attributes.headline
increasing life expectancy since the 20th century 

# data[].attributes.subject
increasing life expectancy since the 20th century 

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every Australian has equal opportunity to realise their full potential by 2030.

# data[].attributes.body
'The Gap' - the difference between the health status and opportunities of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, and non-Indigenous Australians

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Culture is a key component of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health policies and campaigns

# data[].attributes.body
The article focuses on improving health equity through better governance and public policy. Rather than concentrating on healthcare services alone, it argues that governments should address the social, economic, environmental and political factors that shape health.

# data[].attributes.body
The Anthropocene is a new geological epoch in which humans constitute the dominant force on the planet- disrupting the climate system and damaging earth systems.

# data[].attributes.headline
The article is strongly based on the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) framework.

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The article is strongly based on the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) framework.

# data[].attributes.body
It explains that health is influenced by factors such as:

income

education

employment

housing

food systems

climate

social protection

power

# data[].attributes.body
Inactive, car dependent lifestyles that contribute to chronic diseases, health inequities and greenhouse gas emissions. Should shift towards a more liveable, pedestrian and cyclist friendly communities and environments with benefits for human and planetary health.

# data[].attributes.body
"The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation expanded on the NAHS definition and defined health in their constitution as:

not just the physical well- being of an individual but … the social, emotional and cultural well- being of the whole Community in which each individual is able to achieve their full potential as a human being thereby bringing about the total well- being of their Community. It is a whole of life view and includes the cyclical concept of life– death– life."

# data[].attributes.body
Urban planning

Community participation

Indigenous health

Human rights

Public policy

Evidence based policy

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Ecological determinants of health

Planetary health

Climate change

Environmental health

Indigenous knowledge

Health promotion

Biodiversity

Fossil fuels

Sustainability

Climate-resilient development

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New era of objectivity in disease detection and reduced diagnostic and therapeutic errors.

# data[].attributes.headline
What is the meaning of Commercial Determinants of Health?

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What is the meaning of Commercial Determinants of Health?

# data[].attributes.body
strategies and approaches used by the private sector to promote products and choices that are detrimental to health

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Human health is linked to the life-giving resources and ecological processes of a healthy natural environment. eg. clean air, water, food etc.

# data[].attributes.body
A model mentioned is Governing for Public Interest (GPI) and it is a model that trains public servants to develop policies that are effective and efficient.

# data[].attributes.body
Community Participation/Participatory Governance Model - encourages citizens, especially disadvantaged groups, to be actively involved in health and policy decision-making.

Human Rights-Based Approach to Health – advocates for recognising health and education as basic human rights through a Bill of Rights.

Healthy Public Policy – supports policies across different sectors that improve health and reduce health inequalities.

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Creates legal obligations for participating business to consider impacts on workers and the environment, could be broadened to incorporate greater consideration of health

# data[].attributes.body
Ecological Determinants of Health: Healthy ecosystems support human health.

Planetary Health: Human health is connected to the health of the planet.

Indigenous Knowledge: Emphasises connection to Country, nature, and environmental stewardship.

Social Determinants of Health: Social and environmental conditions influence health.

Health Co-benefits: Climate action can improve both environmental and human health.

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Improving health equity by addressing the social determinants of health through government policy, prevention and health promotion. health is not simply caused by individual choices or genetics. Instead, it is said that people's health is strongly influenced by the conditions in which they are born, grow, live, work and age. It focuses on how governments and communities can improve health outcomes by creating fairer social and economic conditions.

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Using a more holisitic view of health, that incorporates belief systems, histories and cultural perspectives, encourages a healthy and equitable society

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have long maintained that culture (ie, practising, maintaining and reclaiming it) is vital to good health and wellbeing. However, this knowledge and understanding has been dismissed or described as anecdotal or intangible by Western research methods and science

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The article explains that human health depends on a healthy environment. It focuses on how climate change, fossil fuels, and environmental damage affect health, and how health promotion can support sustainability and climate action.

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Using technology to tailor preventative (rather than treatment or management), by using appropriate surveillance data at the right level to distribute the finite resources accurately.

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Culture needs to be considered more heavily in Australian health systems. Currently, medicinal health is the prevalent form of health and considering other cultures perspectives of health will assist in ensuring that a more holistic view of health is included in our future health systems.

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Human health is largely dependent on the health of the environment in which they live, learn, work and play. Clean air, fresh water, stable food systems, biodiversity, a stable climate and healthy ecosystems all influence health. Climate change, loss of biodiversity, pollution and depletion of resources are all growing threats to human wellbeing.

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nine out of ten deaths are caused by non- communicable diseases (NCDs) which are primarily driven by the health risks of tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity

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Explores the challenges and opportunities that the rise of digital tools and media present to public health in the context of social media platforms, generative AI and a data-driven future.

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Designing cities that facilitate healthy, sustainable lifestyles is a global priority, with the COVID- 19 pandemic underscoring the importance of fostering local living

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investment in fossil fuels conflicts scientific evidence - public health, Indigenous elders and financial and legal advice warn about the risks and opportunities presented by climate change

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The current social determinants of health are about having strong connections to culture, and strong connections to spirituality (all strengths based). However the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander approach focusses more on a traditional connection to culture and respecting beliefs.

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'While there needs to be a focus on salutogenic cultural attributes, we also need to interrogate how settler– colonial culture has had, and continues to have, negative effects on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander wellbeing'

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In the past, planning practices focused on separating land uses, thus coupled with increases in motor vehicle travel since the mid- 20th century resulted in the encouraged proliferation of low density, sprawling suburbs. The profound consequences of these land- use and transport planning decisions included inactive, car- dependent lifestyles that have contributed to chronic diseases, health inequities and greenhouse gas emissions

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Despite culture being foundational to all approaches to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing, biomedicine is the most prevalent form of health therapy today and is based on beliefs, practices and behaviours that have evolved over time.

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Communities, governments and States must advocate for sustainable living and reducing fossil fuel use

Integrate Indigenous knowledge, planetary health and understandings of ecological dynamics within health promotion frameworks

Increase nature-based approaches to promote health and wellbeing. Recognise the importance of connecting with nature to improve health and wellbeing.

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The health frameworks mentioned was the Ottawa Charter for health promotion, focusing on its "healthy public policy" as the key lever for reducing health inequities.COVID- 19 provided a policy window to intervene in the social determinants of health equity.COVID-19's economic disruption pushed the Australian government to provide Australians with not just emergency relief but also income support, employment protections, and early education, in reducing health inequity.

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AI-Automated disease surveillance can be used to detect different illnesses and diseases before they become out of control.

This type of surveillance was reported to detect the presence of an "unusual pneumonia" outbreak in Wuhan, 9 days before the WHO issued an official notice on the emergence of a novel coronavirus.

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Significant impact on youth mental health and wellbeing - constant advertising, influencers, varying opinions and misinformation

Corporations using platforms to promote their own products and influence social and cultural norms

social model of health

health promotion

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Wanting to create opportunities for local living. Vic Gov proposed "20 minute neighbourhoods" with essential shops and services (except employment) within a 10- minute walk from home each way.

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high level political commitment to collaborating with the private sector and limited evidence for the effectiveness of these collaborations

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In sum, call for a seismic shift in the way culture is considered under the social determinants of health.

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2. Create Supportive Environments

Focuses on creating physical, social and environmental conditions that support healthy living.

• Greener, more walkable suburbs • Investment in renewable energy • Affordable social housing • Improved urban planning • Community gardens, parks and green spaces • Climate action to protect health

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Build Healthy Public Policy: Support climate action and reduce fossil fuels.

Create Supportive Environments: Protect ecosystems and the natural environment.

Strengthen Community Action: Include Indigenous knowledge and communities.

Develop Personal Skills: Educate people about environmental health.

Reorient Health Services: Include climate and environmental health in healthcare.

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Commercial determinants of health

Corporate influence

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

Unhealthy commodities

Marketing and advertising

Public health policy

Government regulation

Health equity

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Liveable: Refers to communities designed with local amenities, transport, and open spaces that support wellbeing

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Digital determinants of health

AI

Data driven future

precision public health

digital inclusion

health misinformation

algorithmic bias

# data[].attributes.body
Healthy Public Policy — strongest focus; the chapter's core mechanism (JobKeeper reform, income support, education funding, housing stimulus, tax reform)

Supportive Environments — well covered via green housing standards, Just Transitions, and universal early childhood education

Community Action — solidly present through multisectoral coalitions and community mobilization (esp. post-Melbourne towers)

Personal Skills — weakest, only implied through ECEC child development, not a named strategy

Reorient Health Services — barely touched, one brief mention in the conclusion, likely developed more in later chapters

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The article focuses on how commercial and corporate activities influence public health, especially through the marketing and consumption of unhealthy products such as tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy food and gambling. It discusses how governments can reduce these negative influences through stronger public health policies and regulation.

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Integrated City Planning: A governance framework requiring horizontal integration (between sectors like housing, transport, and health) and vertical integration (cooperation between federal, state, and local governments).

# data[].attributes.body
Health Focus

The article focuses on health promotion through improving the physical environment in which people live.

Rather than treating illness, the authors argue that city planning, transport systems and neighbourhood design are major determinants of health

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20-minute Neighbourhoods: A Victorian government model where residents can access most essential shops and services within a 20-minute return walk from home

# data[].attributes.body
Strengthen Community Action

Highlights the success of Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs), where communities lead and govern their own healthcare.

# data[].attributes.body
Social Determinants of Health

Built environment, housing, transport, green space and neighbourhoods shape health outcomes.

# data[].attributes.body
Build healthy public policy

Calls for AI applications to move "beyond empowering individuals" toward improving the environments people live in; advocates for digital inclusion to be part of "state and national economic policy making"

Create supportive environments

Discussion of digital platforms shaping social/cultural norms (marketing of unhealthy products); call for "human-centred digital design" and safe digital ecosystems

Strengthen community action

Least emphasised area in this chapter — brief mention of citizen-level empowerment via chatbots (e.g., Harlie) and community-tailored interventions, but no strong community-action mechanism

Develop personal skills

Precision public health "targeting" of health issues faced by specific communities; individual health management tools (though the chapter explicitly critiques over-reliance on individual-level empowerment)

Reorient health services

Telehealth expansion during COVID-19; AI-assisted diagnostics (diabetic retinopathy); automated surveillance changing how health services detect and respond to threats

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Create Supportive Environments

This is because the entire article centres on designing cities that make healthy behaviours easier through:

walkable communities

cycling infrastructure

public transport

parks and green spaces

climate-resilient housing

safer neighbourhoods

healthy urban design.

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Advancements

Rapid Growth

Artificial Intelligence

Digital Influence

Equitable and Ethical applications

Industry 4.0

Digital Revolution

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Links:

Cultural knowledge as a determinant of wellbeing

Connection to Country as protective/therapeutic

Intergenerational transmission and knowledge protection

Cultural safety as a pathway to better health outcomes

Two-way knowledge exchange

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‘Oldest continually practised medicine’ being passed on to students

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Aboriginal Australians have used native plants as bush medicine for tens of thousands of years. On Larrakia land, medical students are learning how nature can heal.