# data[].attributes.body
Plasmodium (single-cell parasites)

P. falciparum

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. malariae

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Humans

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During mosquito bite: Infected blood -> mosquito

Less common portals of exit:

blood transfusions

organ transplants

syringes

congenital

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Vector: female Anopholes mosquito

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Infected mosquito bites human, parasite delivered via mosquito saliva

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Non-immune people (no congenital or acquired immunity through prior exposure to Plasmodium)

Infants

Children under 5

Pregnant women

People with HIV/AIDS

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Travellers: anti-malarial tablets (e.g. atovaquone/proguanil, chloroquine, doxycycline, mefloquine)

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Mosquito nets

Mosquito repellent with DEET (diethyltoluamide) on exposed skin

screens over windows & doors

Treat fabrics with permethrin

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Insecticides

Reducing standing water (mosquito breeding area), e.g. flowerpots, birdbaths

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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Humans

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Body fluids

blood

semen

vaginal fluids

rectal fluids

breast milk

Airborne, short-distance

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sexual contact

needle sharing (/needle stick injury)

pregnancy (mother -> child)

labour

breastfeeding

blood transfusions

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mucous membranes (vagina, rectum, penis, mouth)

blood contact (cuts or wounds)

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People not already infected with HIV

Increased risk in people who:

have unprotected sex

use injected drugs

have other STI's (especially if they have ulcers/sores)

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Infected patients take a combination of drugs to prevent the virus replicating in their body

can reduce viral load to undetectable levels, reducing risk of transmission

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Condom use

Safe injection practices

Blood donor screening

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

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Bats (?)

Von Borowski R.G., Trentin D.S. (2021). Biofilms and Coronavirus Reservoirs: a Perspective Review. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 87:e00859-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00859-21 [Accessed 21/05/2025]

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Respiratory system fluids

Saliva

Mucus

Aerosol: coughing, sneezing

Airborne, short-distance

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Direct

Spray by infected body fluids (sneeze/cough)

Contact with infected person (e.g. handshake)

Touching face with unwashed hands

Indirect

contaminated surfaces

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Respiratory system

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Increased risk in people who:

are not vaccinated

age 65+

age <6 months (ineligible for vaccine)

have pre-existing immunocompromising illness

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Habitat preservation (reduce interaction with humans)

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face coverings (face masks)

isolation of infected patients

face-covering etiquette (covering sneeze with hands)

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Hand washing

Surface disinfection

PPE for healthcare workers (gloves, face mask)

Increasing distance between individuals

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Vaccination

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Flavivirus, four serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4.

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Humans

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During mosquito bite: Infected blood -> mosquito

Less common portals of exit:

blood transfusions

organ transplants

syringes

congenital

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Vector: Aedes aegypti (Yellow fever mosquito) and Aedes albopictus (asian tiger mosquito)

# data[].attributes.body
Infected mosquito bites human, parasite delivered via mosquito saliva

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Non-immune people (lifelong immunity against specific virus serotype (e.g. DENV-1) through prior infection)

Infants

Children under 5

Elderly

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Insecticides

Reducing standing water (mosquito breeding area), e.g. flowerpots, birdbaths

# data[].attributes.body
Mosquito nets

Mosquito repellent with DEET (diethyltoluamide) on exposed skin

screens over windows & doors

Treat fabrics with permethrin

# data[].attributes.body
Vaccination