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The 1844 census declared there were only 3,136 Seminoles in Indian Territory, there is no record for how many stayed in Florida. 40% of the population died moving west. The murder of a white man started the third Seminole war that lasted over 20 years. The cost to remove a singular Seminole was $6,500, The Seminole removal was the most expensive removal.

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The Treaty at Fort Gibson was a void of The Treaty of Payne's Landing. The tribe was tricked and threatened into signing it too.

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In 1832 Col. James Gasden met with the Seminoles at Payne's Landing and a treaty for removal was signed. The signature for the Seminole chief was forged. In response to the statement they were given annuity payments, but they had to join the Creeks to receive the money.

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It was the first treaty the Seminoles signed with the U.S. The treaty moved the Seminoles to a reservation south of Tampa Bay. Once the Seminoles arrived at the reservation they learned that the land wasn't suitable for farming, and they had to leave the boundaries of the treaty to keep themselves from farming.

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CHAPTER 8: THE SEMINOLES AND OTHER SETTLERS:

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CHAPTER 8: THE SEMINOLES AND OTHER SETTLERS:

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The federal troops assisted in the removal of the 2,000 that went west. General Winfield Scott was sent to aid in the removal. He threatened anyone who committed the slightest indiscretion to the Cherokees would face severe punishment. 1/4 of the people that moved during 1838-1839 died.

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1819 the federal government promised not to ask for any more land from the Cherokees. On December 29,1835, at New Echota, Boudinot, Major Ridge, and John Ridge signed a treaty agreeing to move west. Chief John Ross' efforts 14000 of the 16000 Cherokees were still in Gerogia.

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January 17,1837 Chickasaw leaders signed an agreement with the Choctaw leaders in the west at Doaksville. The Choctaws agreed to sell a portion of their land in central and western Indian Territory for $530,000.

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The Treaty of Pontotoc was the treaty that moved the Chickasaws.The Chickasaws ceded all their land east of the Mississippi River in exchange for lands in the west (6 million acres).

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Removal happened in 3 different stages. The first removal cost too much, so they canceled private contracting and used the army. The second removal was more successful than the first, but death rates were higher in the second removal than the first. The last removal was no better than the first two only 900 hundred Choctaws reported for removal.

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The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek was the second and final treaty. 6,000 Indians gathered at fords of the creek in Noxubee Country, Mississippi. Signed on December 27, 1830 the Choctaws surrendered 10,423,130 acres in Mississippi.

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Andrew Jackson was determined to do everything he could to remove the Indians. In 1829, Mississippi passed laws canceling special privileges enjoyed by the Choctaws. 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act.

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The treaty of Doak's Stand was the first treaty made with the Choctaw . The treaty ceded 5 million acres in the east for 13 million acres in the west. The Government ended up ceding settled land and the Choctaws refused to keep the agreement. Until 1828 removal was voluntary.

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The answer to the "Indian Problem" was the Louisiana Purchase. The new land America received gave room for the Indians to be removed on to reservations. Jefferson said the remarkable words "assimilate or move west". Many Indians assimilated which makes the Whites resent them even more.

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The white settlers used the excuse "Indian Problem" to get the prime agricultural land owned by the Indians. Many whites hated the Indians, but the Quakers accepted and respected the Indians.

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The doctrine of discovery had two main effects:
1. It prevented the U.S from trying to conquer the Indians
2. Indian Tribes were recognized as sovereign Nations.
The Doctrine of discovery gave rights of ownership to the European sovereigns who "discovered" the land and converted the indigenous owners into tenants.

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The U.S government claims to have never conquered the Native Americans.  The U.S government handled each Indian tribe as a separate sovereign nation. The Indian Nations had total control over decisions until it came to the final say, but the government had the last say in the decisions.
Sovereignty- The authority of a state to govern itself or another state.