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https://www.englishteachingzone.com/speaking

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from
z- místo, původ, zdroj, materiál, změna, důvod. výběr
od- vzdálenost, původ, doba, rozdíl
podle
před
genitiv (2.pád)
dativ (3.pád)
instrumentál (7.pád)
aby, aby ne

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in
v, ve  - místo, stav, okolnosti, čas, celek, míra, forma, účel
do- místo, materiál, míra
z, ze- poměr, materiál
za( časově)
na- místo, čas, vymezení
u- výskyt
při
jako, jakožto
po, na- míra
pokud jde o, co se týče, co do
instrumentál 7.pád
právě, zrovna když (in+ing)
vyjádření stavu ( po slovesu be)

to
k, ke, ku, za, do, na, směrem k
v, ve (místě)
3.pád
dle, podle (souhlasnost)
za doprovodu, vedle, s
na, k ( činnosti)

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at
u, na, v (místo)
at his house, at the station, at the office
po, na, k (směr, cíl, účel)
She looked at me, He picked up the stone and threw it at me.
v, o, na, při ( časově)
at five o' clock, at the age of, at midnight,...
důvod
We all laughed at his joke, I was very surprised at the outcome of the discussion
by
u ( blízko, těsně, poblíž), při, vedle
kolem, mimo
cestou přes
cestou po
skrze, 7.pád
do (časového bodu), ne později než (kdy)
za, v, ve, při
prostřednictvím, pomocí, s použitím (čeho)
od, z, ze, 7. pád ( autorství, původcovství)
podle (měřítka, podkladu, na základě)
míra na ( the+j.č.)
při (přísaha)
vůči ( ve prospěch koho, pro koho)
z, ze, podle (usuzování)
matematicky
sám

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Passive voice – Procvičování online – Umíme anglicky (umimeanglicky.cz)

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Passive voice - Procvičování online - Umíme anglicky

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Passive voice - Procvičování online, test, rozsáhlá sbírka příkladů

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Passive Voice - Present Simple - Chybějící slovo (wordwall.net)

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Wordwall - Tvořte své lekce lépe a rychleji

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Trpný rod (the passive) - Help for English - Angličtina na internetu zdarma

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Help for English - Angličtina na internetu zdarma

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Trpný rod v angličtině

Trpný rod (the passive voice), navzdory tomu, jak je v angličtině důležitý, bývá často studenty zanedbáván a opomíjen. Tento gramatický jev se v češtině neobjevuje zase tak často, a to obvykle vede studenty, žáky i učitele k názoru, že se mu dá vyhnout i v angličtině. To je však velký omyl.

Angličtina funguje úplně jinak než čeština. Čeština je syntetický jazyk, to znamená, že se ke slovům pojí koncovky a v těchto koncovkách je obsažena informace o tom, jakou funkci dané slovo má. Angličtina je jazyk analytický. Angličtina neskloňuje a nečasuje, podle koncovek tedy nepoznáme, zda se jedná o podmět, či předmět věty. Poznáme to podle slovosledu: první je podmět, po něm následuje sloveso, a za slovesem bývá předmět (či předměty).

V češtině tedy můžeme říct tyto dvě věty:

Jsou ve svém jádru vlastně totožné, funkci však mají odlišnou. První věta říká, co napsal Shakespeare, zatímco druhá oznamuje, kdo napsal Hamleta.

V angličtině to takto vyjádřit nemůžeme. Na prvním místě je vždy podmět, za slovesem vždy předmět.

Zde by první věta vyjadřovala totéž, co výše uvedené české příklady. Druhá věta, ta červená, by však říkala, že Hamlet napsal Shakespeara, což je nesmysl. Pokud tedy upravíme slovosled druhé věty tak, aby byl na prvním místě podmět, dostaneme opět větu Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

Jak tedy správně říci větu ' Hamleta napsal Shakespeare,' aby byla zachována i funkce věty? Na to budeme v angličtině potřebovat právě trpný rod.

V jazycích často platí, že na prvním místě ve větě je to, o čem mluvíme a na druhém místě to, co o tom říkáme. To musíme zachovat i v angličtině. Pokud mluvíme o Shakespearovi, není co řešit, Shakespeare je činitel děje (on píše), použijeme činný rod.

Pokud však mluvíme o Hamletovi, Hamlet není činitel (Hamlet nic nepíše a nenapsal - krom pár dopisů), spíše 'trpěl pod perem Shakespearovým', proto použijeme trpný rod.

Shakespeare napsal Hamleta - Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
mluvíme o Shakespearovi a říkáme o něm, že napsal Hamleta

Hamleta napsal Shakespeare - Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.
mluvíme o Hamletovi a říkáme o něm, kdo ho napsal (říkáme tedy, že Hamlet byl napsán Shakespearem)

Jak se trpný rod tvoří?

Trpný rod tvoříme vždy pomocí slovesa a slovesa v minulém příčestí (koncovka -ed nebo třetí tvar nepravidelných sloves), např. be finished, be done, be opened, be started, be written, be built atd.).

Trpný rod můžeme vytvořit od téměř jakéhokoliv slovesa v jakémkoliv slovesném čase, včetně průběhových. Podívejte se na následující tabulku, kde uvidíte nejběžnější tvary, ve kterých se trpný rod objevuje:

Všimněte si, že v trpném rodě dáváme do požadovaného času sloveso být. Tedy je-li v činném rodě sloveso v přítomném čase, v trpném bude v přítomném čase sloveso 'být'. Je-li v činném minulý, v trpném bude minulý čas slovesa 'být'. I když je v činném rodě přítomný průběhový, v trpném rodě bude v přítomném průběhovém čase sloveso 'být'.

Zdá se možná, že je to obtížné, ale ve skutečnosti není. Prostě dáme sloveso být do správného času a nakonec přidáme minulé příčestí významového slovesa (zde written).

Asi se ovšem pozastavíte nad tvarem 'is being', ale tak se tvoří přítomný průběhový čas slovesa 'být'. Ten se ale jinde téměř neobjevuje.

Ti pokročilejší z vás se mohou podívat ještě na následující tabulku, kde najdete ostatní anglické časy, a jak by vypadal trpný rod v nich:

Zde vidíte, že trpný rod lze teoreticky vytvořit opravdu od každého času, i když ne všechny by se daly v praxi použít (např. s předbudoucím průběhovým časem v trpném rodě se v angličtině asi vůbec nesetkáte). Všimněte si však, že ať chcete vytvořit trpný rod v jakémkoliv čase, prostě do toho daného času dáte sloveso be .

Trpný rod v otázce a záporu

Otázku a zápor tvoříme tak, jak se běžně tvoří otázka a zápor se slovesem být v různých časech. Není zde nic zvláštního:

Studenti ale občas otázky tvoří špatně:

When was finished the house?
When was the house finished?
Is hurt anybody?
Is anybody hurt?
When was discovered gunpowder?
When was gunpowder discovered?

Tip: Pokud si nejste jisti, dosaďte si na místo podmětu osobní zájmeno:

When was discovered When was discovered it? (toto byste patrně neřekli)
gunpowder?(proto je i toto špatně)

Kdy trpný rod použít?

Nyní si uvedeme několik případů, ve kterých se nejčastěji trpný rod používá.

Téma věty je jiné než činitel děje.

O tomto případu jsme již mluvili, když jsme si uváděli příklad se Shakespearem a Hamletem. Mluvíme-li o Shakespearovi, použijeme činný rod, pokud o Hamletovi, použijeme trpný. Podobný příklad může být např. o Kolumbovi:

Columbus discovered America. - činný rod, téma věty je Kolumbus, a říkáme o něm, že objevil Ameriku. Tuto větu bychom možná nalezli v encyklopedii pod heslem KOLUMBUS.
America was discovered by Columbus. - trpný rod, téma věty je AMERIKA, a říkáme o ní, kdo ji objevil. Tuto větu bychom naopak mohli najít v encyklopedii pod heslem AMERIKA.

Činitel děje není důležitý

Trpný rod použijeme také tehdy, kdy pro nás v daný okamžik činitel děje není vůbec důležitý, a není potřeba ho zmiňovat.

America was discovered in 1492. - V této větě není činitel děje vůbec vyjádřen, buď proto, že je to všeobecně známý fakt, nebo proto, že to v dané situaci není důležité. Pořád je téma věty Amerika, a říkáme o ní, kdy ji objevili / kdy byla objevena.

Činitel děje není známý

Podobně je tomu v situaci, kdy činitele děje prostě neznáme.

My car was stolen yesterday. - činitele neznám, nebudu ho tedy pravděpodobně dávat jako podmět věty.
Somebody stole my car yesterday. - tato věta by byla také možná, ale bylo by lepší se v tomto případě tomuto prázdnému podmětu vyhnout.

A new cinema is being built in our town. - nevíme kdo ho staví, asi nějací dělníci či stavbaři atd., ale nevíme kdo, a vlastně to ani není důležité.
They are building a new cinema in our town. - podmět THEY je zde prázdný, nepředstavíme si pod ním nic konkrétního, proto je lepší se mu vyhnout právě použitím trpného rodu.

Obě tyto předložky se mohou pojit s trpným rodem. Chceme-li v trpném rodě zmínit činitele děje, zpravidla bývá za předložkou (America was discovered by Columbus, Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.). Předložka with uvozuje spíše nástroj, než činitele:

The door was opened The door was opened by a burglar. - Lupič je zde činitel.
with a key. - Klíč zde není činitel ale nástroj.

Pozn.: Více také v článku Vyjádření způsobu pomocí BY a WITH.
Převod činného rodu na trpný

Častým učebnicovým cvičením bývá převést větu z činného rodu na trpný. Uvedeme si několik příkladů s komentářem:

The Chinese discovered gunpowder in the 9th century.

Budeme-li chtít tuto větu převést na trpný rod, musíme identifikovat podmět a předmět. Podmět je zde the Chinese a předmět . Ve větě v trpném rodě bude jako podmět sloužit předmět této věty:

Gunpowder was discovered in the 9th century.
Gunpowder was discovered by the Chinese in the 9th century.

Pokud se jedná o sloveso, které má dva předměty (přímý a nepřímý), je možné jako podmět věty použít jakýkoliv z nich.

She gave me the money. - první předmět (nepřímý) je me a druhý (přímý) je the money.

The money was given to me. - Jako podmět věty jsme použili přímý předmět.
I was given the money. - Jako podmět věty je zde použit nepřímý předmět, tedy já.

Takové použití nepřímého předmětu jako podmětu věty v trpném rodě nám může připadat zvláštní, nezvyklé apod., a to především proto, že to lze jen těžko přeložit slovo od slova do češtiny. Tím se však nenechte zmást. Tyto věty jsou v angličtině běžné. Podívejme se na několik dalších příkladů:

They told him that he had to stop smoking.
He was told that he had to stop smoking.

They taught him how to drive a tractor.
He was taught how to drive a tractor.

Závěrem

Trpný rod se v angličtině používá daleko více než v češtině a je nutné mu věnovat pozornost. Procvičujte ho v psaní i v mluvení. Nejdůležitější je, abyste tuto gramatickou strukturu v různých časech dokázali automaticky vytvořit a ve správnou chvíli také použít. Vyberte si např. nějakou věc a zkuste o ní říct co nejvíce věcí. Vzhledem k tomu, že daná věc bude asi těžko činitelem děje, bude ve většině případů dobré použít trpný rod.

Vezměte si třeba banány (jako příklad). Zkuste o nich říct anglicky, že se dovážejí z tropických krajin, používají se při přípravě toho a toho, jedí je rády opičky, atd. Ve všech těchto případech bude trpný rod. Podobně můžete mluvit o všem možném.

Doufáme, že vám dnešní příspěvek objasnil základy tohoto gramatického jevu a že jste pochopili, k čemu vůbec slouží. Psát o trpném rodě bychom samozřejmě mohli ještě dále, jsou další případy, jak ho lze použít.

Překlad:

1. Kdy to bylo dokončeno?

2. Je někdo zraněn?

3. Zítra to nebude udělané.

4. Ještě to nebylo dokončeno.

5. Kdy byl ten dům dokončen?

6. Je někdo zraněn?

7. Kdy byl objeven střelný prach?

8. Kolumbus objevil Ameriku.

9. Ameriku objevil Kolumbus.

10. Amerika byla objevena v roce 1492.

11. Včera mi ukradli auto.

12. Někdo mi včera ukradl auto.

13. V našem městě se staví nové kino.

14. V našem městě staví nové kino.

15. Dveře otevřel nějaký lupič.

16. Dveře byly otevřeny klíčem.

17. Číňané objevili střelný prach v devátém století.

18. Střelný prach byl objeven v devátém století.

19. Střelný prach byl objeven Číňany v devátém století.

20. Dala mi ty peníze.

21. Ty peníze jsem dostal já.

22. Dostal jsem ty peníze.

23. Nabídli mu nové místo.

24. Řekli mu, že musí přestat kouřit.

25. Naučili ho jak se řídí traktor.

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K čemu slouží trpný rod a proč je v angličtině obzvláště důležitý? Naučíte se ho tvořit a převádět věty v činném rodě do trpného.

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Wordwall - Tvořte své lekce lépe a rychleji

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1) My father is reading a book. a) passive b) active 2) The files are downloaded automatically. a) passive b) active 3) The students use their phones every day. a) passive b) active 4) My sister is watching TV now. a) passive b) active 5) My teacher gave us homework. a) passive b) active 6) The bags are worn by the students. a) passive b) active 7) The house is built by the housing company. a) active b) passive 8) The school organizes summer trips every year. a) passive b) active 9) "Despacito" is sung by a deaf singer. a) passive b) active 10) George Lucas directed "Star Wars". a) active b) passive 11) J.K. Rowling wrote "Harry Potter" a) passive b) active c) is writing 12) My dog is chased by a cat. a) active b) passive 13) Sunday's football match is played at half past seven. a) passive b) active 14) The butler is serving dinner at 6 PM sharp. a) active b) passive

Výsledková tabule/Žebříček

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Active and Passive Voice - present passive

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1) My father is reading a book. a) passive b) active 2) The files are downloaded automatically. a) passive b) active 3) The students use their phones every day. a) passive b) active 4) My sister is watching TV now. a) passive b) active 5) My teacher gave us homework.

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs
Summary:
Provides an overview and lists of phrasal/two part verbs.

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Intransitive Phrasal Verbs // Purdue Writing Lab

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This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice. Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission.

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get on- nastoupit, nasednout
The bus was nearly empty when I got on.
get on- obléct(si), dostat se do (malého a těsného oblečení nebo bot)
I can get this jacket on if I breathe in.
get on- vycházet s kým
Beth and Joan are interested in the same things and get on very well.
get out- vytáhnout, vydělat, dostat (se) ven
We got our books out ready for the lesson.
get off- vystoupit
Ring the bell to tell the driver you want to get off.
get up- vstát, vstávat ( z postele)
What time do you usually get up in the morning?
get into- dostat se do čeho
The man got into his car and drove away.
get out off- vystoupit z čeho
The policeman told the driver to get out of the car.
get down-sundat, slézt, sestoupit
Linda got down the suitcase that she kept on top of the cupboard.
get together- dát dohromady, shromáždit (se)
Dad is getting together the things we need for the picnic.
get to- dostat se, dorazit
What is the quickest way to get to the station from here?

look down- (po)dívat se dolů, shlížet dolů
If you are climbing a long ladder, you should not look down. You may feel giddy.
look at- (po)dívat se na co
I looked at the moon through a pair of binoculars.
look out for- vyhlížet
Roger was standing on the platform at the station looking out for the train. He is looking out for the postman.
look after- (po)starat se /pečovat o koho/co
Mr Jones stays at home and looks after the children while his wife goes out to work.
look for- hledat
I am looking for my cap. Have you seen it anywhere?
Look up- vzhlédnout, (po)dívat se nahoru
Catherine was so interested in her book that she didn't even look up when I came.
look like- vypadat jako
Brian was wearing a cap that made him look like a policeman.
look round-(po)rozhlédnout se, rozhlížet se
I have a free morning, so I am going to look round the town.

fall down- upadnout, spadnout
Did Sammy simply fall down or was he tripped?
fall out- pohádat se, nepohodnout se
Mr Brown fell out with Mr White because Mr White's dog chased his cat.

come across- narazit na koho/co, potkat, najít náhodou/ nečekaně
I came across a really pretty dress in a shop.
come out-vyjít ven
The neighbours came out to see who was making such a noise.

sit back- pohodlně se usadit, uvelebit se
You can sit back and watch while someone else does all the work.

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= sloveso, které má 2 nebo více částí
zahodit/ vyhodit/ přehodit
zadělat/vydělat/podělat/předělat/dodělat
-svědčí o dobré úrovni mluveného jazyka
základní sloveso se upřesňuje, doslovný překlad nemusí dávat smysl
1) Tranzitivní- vyžadují doplnit předmětem
John put on his pullover. She took off her coat before entering the room.I need to look up the definition of this word. He put on his shoes and left the house. Please hand in your assignments by Friday.

2) Netranzitivní- nemusí být doplněna
Mary ran away. This car is terrible. It breaks down all the time! My colleague and I get on really well. Did you get the tickets? No, they’d sold out.

3)Odlučitelná- jejich přímý předmět může stát buď za celým fr.slovesem (John took off his shoes) nebo mezi slovesem a příslovcem ( John took his shoes off)

4)Neodlučitelná- jejich přímý předmět musí stát za celým frázovým slovesem
He takes after his dad in many ways.

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Accepting Requests:
Sure, I’d be glad to…

I’d be happy to …
Sure. Just a moment.
No problem.
Of course
Certainly.
All right.

Refusing Requests:
I’m sorry, I can’t.

I’m sorry, but …
I’d loved to, but …
Sorry to say that …
It sounds great, but …

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Do you mind…?
Do you think you could…?
Ex.Do you think you could take me to the supermarket?

Do you think it would be possible to…?
Would it be possible for you to…?
Ex.Would it be possible for you to come here at 8 A.M?

Would there be any possibility of…
Would you be kind enough to…?
Ex.Would you be kind enough to repair my computer?

Would you mind…?
Ex.Would you mind opening the window for me, please?

Can/could you… for me, please?
Ex.Could you please take me to the dentist?

Could you possibly…
I’d appreciate it if you could…
Can/Could I ask you to…?

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Offers:
Can I....Shall I....
Can I help you?
Can I do that for you?
Shall I help you with that?
Shall I call you on your mobile?

I could...I will...
I can do that for you if you like.
I could give you a lift to the station.
I'll do that for you if you like.
I'll give you a lift to the station.

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Requests:
Could, Would- zdvořilé
Could you take a message, please?
Would you carry this for me, please?

Can, Will- méně zdvořilé
Can you take a message, please?
Will you carry this for me, please?

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Invitations:
Would you like (to)
Would you like to come round tomorrow?
Would you like another drink?

You must, We must- velmi zdvořilé
You must come round and see us.
We must meet again soon.

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23 JOBS OF THE FUTURE (and jobs that have no future)

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| II. SEKUNDÁRNÍ

| modál (význam)
| must (určitě to tak je)
| can't (určitě to tak
| may (možná to tak je)
| might (je možné, že to tak je)
| could (je možné, že to tak je)
| couldn't (není možné, aby to tak
bylo)

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Přehled modálních sloves:

| I. PRIMÁRNÍ
| modál (význam 1.os.j.č.)
| can (umím, můžu, smím)
| can't (neumím, nemůžu, nesmím)
| must (musím)
| mustn't (nesmím)
| needn't (nemusím)
| should (měl bych)
| shouldn't (neměl bych)
| ought to (měl bych)
| oughtn't to (neměl bych)
| may (smím)

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An influencer - a new kind of job from the internet era. In this programme, you'll hear from two beauty influencers from different parts of the world, and find out how they are trying to change attitudes towards female beauty. Listen to an interesting conversation and learn some extra vocabulary.

This week's question

YouTube make-up tutorials are very modern, but make-up has been around for a long time. So, when was lipstick first used?

a) around 3000 years ago by the ancient Celts

b) around 4000 years ago by the ancient Egyptians

c) around 5000 years ago by the ancient Sumerians

Listen to the programme to find out the answer.

Vocabulary

influencer
someone who is paid by a company to promote its brand on social media, encouraging other people to buy their products

dos and don'ts
rules about how people should and should not behave in a certain situation

crack a joke
tell a joke

took off
suddenly started to be successful or popular

intrigued
very interested in someone, often because of an unusual or unexpected quality

a given
some detail or fact that is considered as true or real

Transcript
Note: This is not a word-for-word transcript.
Neil
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.

Sam
And I'm Sam. In the UK there's a well-known children's game called, Happy Families. Players have to collect all the cards belonging to one family - there's a butcher, a baker, a carpenter, a doctor, and a tailor - some of the traditional jobs that people in the UK have been doing for centuries.

Neil
But since the invention of the internet and social media, a more up-to-date list of jobs in the 21st century would be very different. It would include modern jobs which didn't exist before, online jobs like web designer and YouTuber.

But first I have a question for you, Sam. YouTube make-up tutorials are very modern, but make-up has been around for a long time. So, when was lipstick first used?Was it:
a) around 3000 years ago by the ancient Celts?
b) around 4000 years ago by the ancient Egyptians? or
c) around 5000 years ago by the ancient Sumerians?

Sam
I'll say it was being used 5000 years ago by the ancient Sumerians.

Neil
OK, Sam, we'll find out if you're right later on. Dimma Umeh is a beauty influencer from Nigeria. She's been creating make-up video tutorials for women of colour for eight years and has hundreds of thousands of followers. Her videos go from eyebrow-shaping tips to shopping trips in Nigeria's biggest city, Lagos.

Sam
Here's Dimma telling BBC World Service programme, The Conversation, how her life as an influencer got started.

So, I did a make-up dos and don'ts video in 2017. I had seen a couple of people doing it prior to that but then, you know, I kind of did it in a way that was a bit funny, maybe cracked a couple of jokes around the ways - or maybe not so great ways - some people were doing things at the time and that video just took off.

Dimma wasn't the first Nigerian influencer to post videos on YouTube, but the difference was her humour - the way she laughed and cracked, or told, jokes. More and more people started watching Dimma's make-up videos and they soon took off, meaning they suddenly became successful and popular.

Neil
Our next beauty influencer is Rammal Mehmud, a photographer turned make-up artist based in Islamabad, Pakistan. As well make-up tips, Rammal creates colourful face painting designs which, she says, helped her through a period of depression. She has popular Instagram and YouTube accounts on which she shares content to help other women with their confidence and mental health.

Sam
Like Dimma, Rammal now has Instagram followers numbering in the hundreds of thousands. So, how does she decide what to share in her blogs and videos? What boundaries does she set for her followers? Here's what Rammal told BBC World Service programme, The Conversation.

Rammal Mehmud
Well, people are very intrigued about your personal life as a blogger - that's a given, but you need to have strong boundaries. I do fear about my family and friends. You actually have to ask people if they are comfortable being on your platform or not.

Rammal says her followers are intrigued about her personal life. If you're intrigued, you are very interested in someone, often because of something unusual or unexpected about them.

Neil
But just because her followers' interest in her life is a given, that doesn't mean Rammal shares everything with them. She has to set boundaries.

Sam
Both Dimma and Rammal make money as beauty influencers, but what's amazing is how they're using social media to start conversations about what beauty means to women in their country. And sharing some great lipstick tips as well!

Neil
And speaking of lipstick, let's reveal the answer to my question, Sam. I asked you when lipstick was first used.

Sam
I said it was around 5000 years ago by the ancient Sumerians.

Sam
Dos and don'ts are rules about what you should and shouldn't do in certain situations.

Neil
Once again, our six minutes are up! Goodbye for now!

Sam
Bye bye!

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BBC Learning English - 6 Minute English / Being a beauty influencer

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Hear about women who are using social media to change attitudes to beauty

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How should we describe our city for the needs of Wikipedia?

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How should we describe our city for the needs of Wikipedia?

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We have created this workbook for students at an A2

level, but could be used with A1 and B1 level students. It focuses on

grammar, vocabulary, and the four language skills, and it has been

designed to make lessons more interesting and engaging, as each chapter

builds on a story that students are part of.The teacher's resource contains lesson plans to accompany each chapter, as well as the listening scripts and additional materials.

2021 | Copyright by The English Hub for Refugees

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Level A2Pages in this sectionLevel A1- Level A1 Level A2 Level B1 Other Resources 10 chapter workbook: The secret parcel missionWe have created this workbook for students at an A2level, but could be used with A1 and B1 level students. It focuses ongrammar, vocabulary, and the four language skills, and it has beendesigned to make...

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Reflexive pronouns (A2) - The English Hub for Refugees

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We have different ways of talking about the future. We often use going to (+ infinitive), the present continuous (to be + -ing) or will (+ infinitive). The structure we use depends on the function of what we want to say, whether we are talking about arrangements, plans, predictions, etc..
I thought will was the future tense in English.

It's one of the ways of talking about the future, but there are a few others. Let's look at will to start with. We use will / won't (= will not) + the infinitive for predictions about the future.
Oliver'll be back soon.
Wewon't be ready.
Do you think it'll rain this afternoon?
We also use will when we decide something at the moment of speaking.
(The doorbell rings) I'll get it.
So, you sometimes use the verb think before will?

Yes, that's very common. We also use: don't think, expect, be + sure.
I'm sure you'll have a good time.
You said will is used for decisions made at the moment of speaking. What about decisions made before the moment of speaking?

Then we can use either the present continuous or going to (+ infinitive).
Amy's coming round.
We're going to watch a film - want to join us?
Whatare you doing this evening?
Is there a difference between them?

We use the present continuous more for arrangements with other people and be + going to + infinitive for intentions. Sometimes it's important to choose the right structure, but often we could use either because many events are both arrangements and intentions.
Amy's coming round. (= arrangement between Amy and Daisy)
Amy's going to come round. (= Amy's intention)
I'm going to clean my room tonight. (= intention)
I'm cleaning my room tonight. (not an arrangement)
So could I say 'I'm going to go to the cinema with Alex'?

Yes, that's correct. But we usually avoid saying going to go, just because it doesn't sound very elegant. We normally use the present continuous with go.
I'm going to the cinema with Alex.
And 'I will go to the cinema with Alex'?

No. We don't use will for arrangements or intentions if the decision was made before the moment of speaking.

Oh, yes, you told me that before. Anything else?

Yes, there's another use of going to. We use it for predictions too, especially when you can see something happening or about to happen.
Look out! You're going to spill that coffee.
Can you use going to for other predictions?

Yes, sometimes both will and going to can be used.
I think the Green Party will win the election.
I think the Green Partyare going to win the election.
OK, and one last thing! Is it correct to say, 'When's the race?' That's present simple, isn't it?

Yes. You can use present simple for timetabled events.
My plane leaves at 4pm tomorrow.
The match starts at 8pm.
Phew! So sometimes you can use going to or the present continuous and sometimes you can use will or going to. And you can also use present simple for timetabled events. I'll never understand the future!

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Oliver and Alfie decide to enter a bike race.

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cvičení

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First conditional (střední) - online Rozhodovačka

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Angličtina - rozsáhlá sbírka cvičení gramatických jevů: časy, členy, podmiňovací způsob, nepravidelná slovesa atd. Zdarma pro individuální použití.

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Podmínková věta.
Události se v budoucnosti stanou, pokud se splní jejich předpoklad.
Tvoříme ho pomocí
přítomného času prostého ve vedlejší větě (předpokladu) a budoucího času prostého v hlavní větě (která vyjadřuje co se stane)

vedlejší věta =if

If I have time, we will go out.

If I see him, I will tell him.

Kuba will have a party on Friday if his parents go away.

He will go to the university if he does well in his exams.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 26 / Session 2 / Activity 1

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When we talk about a life experience, we can use the present perfect. We don't say when the experience happened - we're more interested in the experience than the time or date. My wife has seen both Sex and the City movies .

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Finn Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute Grammar with me, Finn.

Alice
And me, Alice. Hello.

Finn
And today we're talking about the present perfect tense.

Alice
That's right: the present perfect tense. When we use it, how to form it, how to make negatives and questions...

Alice
And we'll have some pronunciation tips.

Finn
And there'll be a quiz at the end of the show, so keep listening!

Alice
Let's get started with some present perfect sentences. Hello Catherine!

Catherine
Hello.

Alice
Some example sentences please...

Catherine
I've seen Miley Cyrus in concert.

Janie has travelled all over the world.

Finn
Thank you, Catherine. So one way we use the present perfect tense is to talk about life experience: things we've done at some time in the past.

That's right and we make the present perfect tense with a subject, plus have or has, plus a past participle. Once more please Catherine.

Catherine
I've seen Miley Cyrus in concert.

Janie has travelled all over the world.

Alice
Now we don't say when this experience happened, because with the present perfect, we are interested in the experience itself.

Finn
That's right. The present perfect often focusses on what happened, not when it happened.

Alice
Ok. So Finn, ask me a question about something I've done.

Have I seen Skyfall? The James Bond film? Yes, I have: I've seen it three times.

Finn
Three times, eh? So with the present perfect we don't say when, but we can say how many times the experience happened.

Now, let's look at ever and never. They basically mean 'at any time in someone's life'.

Ever is very common in questions. Alice: Have you ever eaten sushi?

Alice
No Finn, no: I have never ridden a camel.

Well, actually, neither have I. And we use never to talk about life experiences that we haven't had. Alice has never ridden a camel. Though I think you should try it: I hear it's fun!

Alice
Really? Let's do it together.

Finn
Yes, ok.

Alice
Let's look at pronunciation. We use lots of short forms with present perfect.

First, I have is often shortened to I've. I have read that book becomes...

And has becomes just a s or a z sound. So instead of Janie has travelled it's...

And as for negatives: we make them by putting not between have or has and the past participle. But we can shorten have not to haven't and has not to hasn't. Catherine.

Rachel hasn't taught English in Japan.

Poor Alice - She's never ridden a camel!

IDENT
You're listening to BBC Learning English.

Finn
And we're talking about the present perfect tense. Alice, now ask me a question about my life experiences.

Well, a negative answer would be No, I haven't. But my answer is: Yes I have. Guess how many times I've seen Skyfall?

Finn
No... not five times.

I've seen Skyfall 20 times... I watched the DVD last night; I saw it on TV last week; and I saw it at the cinema when it first came out...

Alice
Ok, Finn - we get the picture... When we answer a present perfect question about our experience, we can add a past simple sentence to give more information - like saying when the experience happened.

Quiz time?! So here's question one - and play along at home if you want. Alice, you have to answer with never. So: Have you ever seen a ghost?

Finn
Are you sure?

Alice
Maybe.

About a million times? Really? Only a million? Now for question three, I need a short answer. Have you ever visited BBC Learning English on Facebook?

OK - me too. And as well as on our Facebook page, you can find lots more information about the present perfect tense on our website at bbclearningenglish.com. Join us again for more 6 Minute Grammar.

Both
Bye.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 11 / Session 2 / Activity 5

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Finn Hello. Welcome to 6 Minute Grammar with me, Finn. Alice And me, Alice. Hello. Finn And today we're talking about the present perfect tense. Alice That's right: the present perfect tense. When we use it, how to form it, how to make negatives and questions... Alice And we'll have some pronunciation tips.

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Life experiences

When talking about a life experience, we can use the present perfect. We don't say when it happened because we're more interested in the experience, than the time or date.
My wife has seen both Sex and the City movies.
If we want to say when the experience happened in the past, we use the past simple.

She watched the newest Sex and the City movie last week.
Have you ever fallen in love? No, sadly I've never been in love.
We often use the present perfect with the words ever and never.

We can answer these questions with Yes, I have.or No, I haven't.
'Have you ever fallen in love?' 'Yes. I've actually been in love twice.'
'Have you ever fallen in love?' 'Yes, I have. I fell in love twice with different women when I was in Japan.'
If we want to say how many times we have done something, we can use the present perfect, or we can add a past simple sentence with an expression of time or place.

Recent past actions that are important now
Oh no! I've lost my wedding ring... My wife will kill me!
We use the present perfect when things that happened in the recent past are important now.
I lost my wedding ring last night...
We use the past simple to say when the action happened.

Past situations that are still happening now

We use the present perfect for situations that started in the past and are still happening now.

I haven't seen my husband this morning. (It is still this morning.)

We use the past simple for situations that started and finished in the past.

I didn't see my husband this morning. (It is this afternoon or evening now.)

How long... questions
How long have you lived with your boyfriend?
We sometimes use the present perfect in these questions.
We have lived together for three years.
'How long did you live with your ex-husband?' 'We lived together for about six years. I moved out when I found out he was cheating!' We've been in a relationship since 2002.
I've just met the most gorgeous man! I wonder if he's single...
'Let's go to the movies tonight, James.' 'We've already been three times this week. I think your movie mad, Jane!'
He hasn't asked me out yet.
Have you decided when to have your wedding yet? I've known him since we were children. I met my wife on 3 July 1990 and we got married in August.
We went on holiday three times together in 1997.
We celebrated our 14th anniversary last August.
Our close friends moved to France three months ago.
We talk about how long with the words for (meaning throughout a period of time) and since (meaning from a point of time to now - this can be a date or a past simple phrase).

If we know it is a completed event, we can ask a how long question with the past simple.
We have lived together for six years.
With just, already and yet

We use the present perfect with just, already and yet to talk about recent events in the past. The exact time is not important. We use just and already mostly in positive sentences. We use yet in negative sentences and questions.
Positive subject + have + past participle
Completed actions in the past

We usually talk about these actions and events using the past simple. We often include a time reference in these sentences.
Negative subject + haven't/hasn't + past participle
Form

Present perfect
Questions Have/Has + subject + past participle
The present perfect is made of two parts: the present form of the verb have and the past participle of the main verb.

Here is how it works in positive, negative and question forms.

I have lived here for two years. I've lived here for two years.
We have lived together for one year. We've lived together for one year.
You have started dating that guy. You've started dating that guy.
They have been together much longer. They've been together much longer.

He has started seeing that girl. He's started seeing that girl.
She has forgiven him again. She's forgiven him again.
Positive
I haven't been in a relationship for years.
We haven't lived together very long.
You haven't moved in together yet.
They haven't been on holiday together.
Negative subject + did not / didn't + verb
He hasn't dated anyone else.
She hasn't been married before.
It hasn't been a great time for them.
Questions Did + subject + verb
Have you asked her out?
Have they started dating?
Have we been married twenty-five years already?

Has he really dated her sister as well?
Has she seen anyone else lately?
Has it been long since you called her?

Past simple

With the past simple the form doesn't change for each person (I/you/he/she/it/we/they). Remember the regular verbs end -ed but irregular verbs don't follow this riule and have their own form.

I met my wife in France.
You arrived early.
He dated three women before meeting his wife.
She thought he was the one.
It seemed like a perfect relationship.
We wanted to go to the movies together.
They organised a special holiday for their anniversary.

I did not / didn't meet her in Spain.
You did not /didn't see him again.
He did not / didn't get anything for their anniversary.
She did not / didn't tell him about her problem.
It did not / didn't end well.
We did not / didn't want to move in with his parents.
They did not / didn't want a flashy wedding ceremony.

Did you ask him out then?
Did he propose on holiday?
Did she like her ring?
Did we book that band for the wedding reception?
Did they really run away together?
ever tried eating snails.
Take note: time expressions

We use the past simple, but not the present perfect, with past time expressions like yesterday, last month, six years ago, when I was a child.

Take note: writing and speech

We often use the past simple (not the present perfect) to describe events in stories, when one thing happens after another in the past. We use the present perfect more in speech than in writing.

Spoken English

In everyday speech and writing, it's common to use a contraction with the auxiliary verb in the present perfect and the past simple.

He didn't answer his phone when I called.

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BBC Learning English - Course: lower intermediate / Unit 26 / Grammar Reference

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When talking about a life experience, we can use the present perfect. We don’t say when it happened because we’re more interested in the experience, than the time or date.

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1) hovoříme o něčem obecně

Water is wet.
Giraffes have long necks.
Tigers can be dangerous.
I eat rice every day.

2) ustálené předložkové tvary
by car, by bus, by train
at home, at school,  to work, to school
in bed, in hospital, in prison

3) státy, města, ulice

We moved to Tokyo.
I live near Baker Street.

4)názvy částí dní, jednotlivých dní, měsíců a ročních období

We got home after midnight.
We usually meet on Monday.
at midday,a midnight, in January, on Wednesday

5) názvy sportů, vědních disciplin, jazyků

Why is math your favourite subject?
How often do you play tennis?

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určitý člen "the"
1)hovoříme o něčem konkrétním, známém

,,The meeting is in the evening"- je známo, o jakou schůzku se jedná, protože už byla zmíněna.
,, I'm going to the supermarket" - konkrétní supermarket
,, I don't like the shoes that you are wearing"- konkrétní boty

2) před popisy často navštěvovaných veřejných míst

,,Let's go to the cinema"

3) jedná se o něco, co je na světě, v domě, ve městě jedinečné + státy, pohoří
the Czech Republic, the United States of America , the Himalayas, the Hellenides

,, Madrid is the capital of Spain"
,, Where are you? I am in the living room". - konkrétní obývací pokoj
,,Can you put it in the fridge? " - ledničku máme doma jen jednu
,,The sun is shining" -slunce svítí

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neurčitý člen "a" "an"
a- před vyslovovanou souhláskou - a dog, a union, a house
an- před vyslovovanou samohláskou ( a, e, i, o, u) - an apple, an actor, an hour

1) hovoříme o něčem neznámém, nová informace pro posluchače

,,I have a meeting tomorrow"- mluvčí vychází z toho, že se posluchač o schůzce dozvídá poprvé.

2) co je kdo nebo co zač, před povoláním
,,He's a teacher."

..His wife is a doctor."

3) před počitatelnými podstatnými jmény ve větách s there is
a book, a table, an orange, an idea

,,There's a supermarket and some restaurants around the corner."

4)  výskyt s číselným významem jeden/jedna/ jedno

,,I can see a man and some women in the street" -Vidím na ulici jednoho muže a nějaké ženy
,,He bought an apple and two bananas." – Koupil jedno jablko a dva banány

5) součástí údajů určujících množství
a few – několik
a little, a bit – trochu
a couple of – pár
a lot of – spousta
half an hour – půl hodiny
twice a week – dvakrát týdně
kilometres an hour – kilometrů za hodinu V údajích určující množství

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Do you know what cyberbullying is? Watch the video to find out what happened to Abbie.

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7.10

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What Types of Bullying Are There in Schools? Learn About 5 Different Types of Bullying

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7.10

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7.10

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David Attenborough looks at how mammals dominate the planet through having warm blood and caring for their young, including Weddell seals, caribou and humpback whales.

Mammals dominate the planet. They do it through having warm blood and by the care they lavish on their young. Weeks of filming in the bitter Antarctic winter reveal how a mother Weddell seal wears her teeth down keeping open a hole in the ice so she can catch fish for her pup.

A powered hot air balloon produces stunning images of millions of migrating bats as they converge on fruiting trees in Zambia, and slow-motion cameras reveal how a mother rufous sengi exhausts a chasing lizard. A gyroscopically stabilised camera moves alongside migrating caribou, and a diving team swim among the planet's biggest fight as male humpback whales battle for a female.

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David Attenborough looks at how mammals dominate the planet through having warm blood and caring for their young, including Weddell seals, caribou and humpback whales. Mammals dominate the planet. They do it through having warm blood and by the care they lavish on their young.

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A look at marine invertebrates, including Humboldt squid, starfish and giant octopuses.

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If it seems like friendships formed in adolescence are particularly special, that’s because they are. Childhood, adolescent, and adult friendships all manifest differently in part because the brain works in different ways at those stages of life. During adolescence, there are changes in the way you value, understand, and connect to friends. Shannon Odell explores the neuroscience of friendship. [Directed by Biljana Labović, narrated by Alexandra Panzer and Deidre Donovan, music by Jarrett Farkas and Weston Fonger].

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Sustaining friendships -- and making new friends -- can be challenging, even when we know it’s important. So how can we make our friendships last without feeling overwhelmed? And is there a formula to follow for making new ones? To find out, data journalist Mona Chalabi turns to her most trusted sources: data and her mum. Want to hear more from Mona? Check out her podcast Am I Normal? with Mona Chalabi, from the TED Audio Collective.

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Elizabeth Cox: The benefits of daydreaming | TED Talk

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On a daily basis, you spend between a third and half of your waking hours daydreaming. That may sound like a huge waste of time, but scientists think it must have some purpose, or humans wouldn’t have evolved to do so much of it. So, what exactly happens in the brain while you daydream? Elizabeth Co…

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https://www.ted.com/topics/consciousness

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Within each of our minds, the activity of billions of neurons gives rise to a conscious experience -- and not just any experience, yours, right here, right now. How does this happen? There's still so much we don't know ... and that's an amazing thing, says cognitive neuroscientist Anil Seth PhD.

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Within each of our minds, the activity of billions of neurons gives rise to a conscious experience -- and not just any experience, yours, right here, right now. How does this happen? There's still so much we don't know ... and that's an amazing thing, says cognitive neuroscientist Anil Seth PhD.

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The most powerful yet overlooked resource in schools

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The most powerful yet overlooked resource in schools

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Get a daily email featuring the latest talk, plus a quick mix of trending content.

By subscribing, you understand and agree that we will store, process and manage your personal information according to our Privacy Policy

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Heejae Lim: The most powerful yet overlooked resource in schools

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"When teachers and families work together, everyone wins," says education technology entrepreneur and TED Fellow Heejae Lim. She shines a light on an underutilized resource in US public education -- a family's love for their children -- and shows that, with the right tools and tech, schools can remove language barriers, foster meaningful connections and help every student thrive.

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Project 3rd edition 5 | Oxford University Press

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Get English language teaching and learning resources for teaching English to young learners, teenagers, and adults.

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somebody=someone
anybody=anyone
nobody= no one
ANY- ve většině otázek/ záporných vět
SOME- většina kladných oznamovacích vět

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*děj se aktuálně odehrává
*dlouhodobější děj, aktuálně se děje, je pravdivý a dočasný (někdo mi stojí ve výhledu; výměnný student žije s námi)
*zdůrazňujeme něco, co je otravné

I am /You are play+ing.
Are you/ Is he work+ing?
!!
* opakující se situace + always (They are always arguing,
It is always raining around here.)

*stavová slovesa (vyjádření citu, myšlení, smyslu)- základní tvar
I see them playing in the garden.
= need, want, see, prefer, care, trust, hate, like, adore, dislike, respect, think, believe aj.)

Otázka:
Are we/you/they watching?
Is he/she/ it watching?

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*obecná fakta pravdivá a platná delší období
*pravidelné události/aktivity (always, often, usually, never...),
- časový výraz vždy před slovesem
I + always+ go to school.
I + never +go to the cinema.

*předávání instrukcí/popis cesty aj.

kladná věta: Osoba+ sloveso (s, es)
I live in Prague, We/ You/ They live in Prague.
She/ He/ it works at the lab.

!!
to be:  I am, You are, He/She is, We/You/They are
to do: do/ does
to go: go/ goes

otázka: Do/ does + osoba+ sloveso

Do you work? Pracuješ?
Does she work? Ona pracuje?
Do they work? Pracují?

zápor: Osoba + don't/doesn't + sloveso
I don't work.
You don't work.
She/ he/ it doesn't work.
We/ You/ They don't work.

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=přítomný čas- co je tady a teď a začalo již před chvílí
tvoření pomocí pomocného slovesa +have/has + minulé příčestí ( s koncovkou- ed, nepravidelné tvary)
zkracujeme have = 've  ; has = 's
!!Tvar he's může být he has nebo he is. Vždy nám pomůže kontext.

1)zkušenost, dosažené výsledky, co jsme již udělali nebo neudělali

I've been to the USA twice.  ( již jsme tam byli, mám zkušenost...)
I haven't seen the film. (ještě nemám tu zkušenost...)
I have seen it many times. ( už mám u zkušenost....

2)něco se změnilo a nyní je to jinak, nebo není určen přesný čas

I've become a teacher.
I've lost my keys.
My grandson has been ill before.
Someone has eaten my toast!

3)nedávné děje

I haven't seen her recently.
I've recently visited the USA.
They have just arrived.
I have just phoned Martina.

Otázka:
Have/ Has + osoba + příčestí minulé......
Have you ever eaten caviar?
How many books by Shakespeare have you read?
How long have you lived here?
Where has he gone?

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za slovesa být - was/were + ing.

1)vyprávím, co se v minulosti odehrávalo
*zdůrazňuji, kdy měl děj trvání
They were playing basketball in the evening.

2)probíhá více činností zároveň
He was watching TV while I was doing the dishes.

!!  (aktivity závislé na sobě)
I sang while I was driving to work.
I counted my coins before entering the shop.

3)činnost se děje určitou dobu
When I was running, I broke my leg.

4)Nedokonavé děje: Něco jsme dělali, ale nedokončili.
Yesterday I was writing my book and then I was repairing my bicycle.

Kladná věta:
I was waiting.
He//She/ It was waiting.  We/ You/ They were waiting.

Otázka:
Was he/she/ it waiting?
Were We/ You/ They waiting?

Záporná odpověď:
I wasn't waiting.
He/She/ It wasn't waiting.

We/ You/ They weren't waiting.

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1)co se stalo a skončilo v minulosti

Kladná věta:
*ke slovesu přidáme příponu -ed.
*sloveso v infinitivu končí na -e, přidáme pouze -d.
retire - retired, desire- desired
+ nepravidelná slovesa

česky Já jsem pracoval, ale v AJ bez "být"- pouze Já pracoval
I                         +  worked
He/ She/ It        +  worked
We/ You/ They  +  worked
He was at home. We/ You/ They were at home.

Otázka:
minulý tvar do =did+ základní tvar slovesa
minulý tvar být= was/ were + základní tvar slovesa
Did I work?   Was he at work? Were we/ you/ they at work?
Did He/ She/ It/ We/ You / They work?

Záporná odpověď:
didn't + základní tvar slovesa
I didn't listen.
He/ She/ It/ We/ You / They didn't listen. He wasn't at home.

Krátká odpověď:
Yes, I did.  Yes, He/She/It/We/ You/ They did.
No, I didn't. No, He/She/It/We/ You/ They didn't.

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On-line interaktivní mapy světa (nejen) pro školáky - pojďte s námi objevovat svět!