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Plants grow:

Plants need water and sunlight

Plants make a gas called oxygen. (oxygen = waste product of plants)

When plants are older, they produce seeds. New plants grow from seeds.

7 rules of life:

1. Moves

2. Needs water and food

3. Grows

4. Makes waste

5. Needs air

6. Can sense the world around

7. Can have young

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Plant parts:

Roots: hold the plant down and get water from the soil

Stem: holds up the plants and water moves inside the stem

Flower: make seeds

Leaf: makes food (in sunlight)

All parts of the plant need water. Without water, the plant will die.
Roots absorb water from the soil; the water is then moved or transported up the stem to all parts of the plant.

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Conditions to grow:

Warmth

Water

Light

Air

A healthy plant has strong roots, stems, and leaves. An unhealthy plant may have yellow leaves; the plant may wilt.

Baby plants:

Inside each seed: very small root shoot, stem shoot, and food store

Germination = the growth of seeds

Seedling = a baby plant

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1.4 Water and right temperature for plants

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1.4 Water and right temperature for plants

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Plants cannot survive in very hot or very cold places.

Too cold: plants' leaves cannot make food; water freezes --> plants cannot use it

Too hot: no water --> roots, stems and leaves might dry and break

Water travels in very narrow tubes in the main stem (xylem vessels) and goes up to every leaf of the plant

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Solids: stay the same shape unless they are compressed, stretches, twisted or bent (chất rắn)

Liquids: change shape easily and take the shape of the container they are in (chất lỏng)

Gases: spread out to fill the space around them (chất khí) (some gases have colors and some even have a smell)

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Mixture = >2 materials mixed together
Separating mixtures:

Using hands

Sieving (use a sieve): separates smaller particles (go through the sieve's holes) from larger particles (cannot go through the sieve's holes)

Magnet: separates magnetic metals from non-magnetic materials.

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Dissolve = when solid breaks into pieces that are too small to see when being mixed with a liquid (we cannot see it anymore but in fact, it is still there)

Transparent = see-through (when a solid dissolves in a transparent liquid, the liquid stays transparent but might change color)

Soluble = to be able to dissolve in a liquid

Insoluble = not able to dissolve in a liquid

An insoluble solid in a liquid is a mixture and can be easily separated; a soluble solid in a liquid is still a mixture but is more difficult to separate.

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Filtering = separate the mixture by pouring the mixture through a filter. A filter has holes that let some of the mixtures pass through. Usually, solids in the mixture stay in the filter because they are too big to pass through the filter's holes, while the liquid can go through.

In science, using filter paper, held and supported by a funnel (phễu) is the most popular way.

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Materials from the Earth:

All materials have to be made

Plastic is made from oil

Metals are made from rocks in the ground called ores

Metals and ores:

The metal has to be separated from other materials in the ore to make pure metal.

--> Smelting = the process by which the metal ore is heated and melted to separate the metal
Fuels:

Fuels = materials that we burn

Popular fuels like natural gas, crude oil, petrol, and diesel all contain carbon.
Too much CO₂ is making the Earth get warmer, therefore rising the global temperature (global warming).

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Shadow:

A shadow is made when light is blocked by an opaque object. (Light cannot pass through an opaque material. This means that a dark area is made, called a shadow.

Shadows have no color and are always dark

Shadows have no details like eyes or mouths

(Some materials are transparent which means light can pass through them. These materials don't make shadows.)

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Based on the brightness of the light source, the distance between the object and the light source, the shape of the object, and the direction of the object from the light source, shadows might have changes in:

position

size

shape

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Transparent materials allow light to pass through them. We can see things clearly through these materials (trong suốt).

Transparent materials cannot make shadows.

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Translucent materials let some lights go through (but not all). The light is scattered by translucent materials so it is harder to see through them though we can still see some part of it.

Translucent materials can make shadows.

(Example: frosted or patterned glass)

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Each organ in our bodies does an important job tin making our bodies work

Heart:

Pushes blood around the body

Made of muscle (cơ) which is strong and can squeeze blood into the tubes called blood vessels (mạch máu)

A beat = a squeeze of the heart (each beat of the heart pushes blood into and around blood vessels)

While exercising, the heart beats faster

You can count your heartbeats (BPM - Beats per minute) by feeling your pulse in your wrist (mạch ở cổ tay).

Heart rate = the speed of the heart beating

Lungs:

There are 2 lungs in the body's chest

When you breathe in, your chest gets bigger as air is sucked into your lungs (oxygen then moves into your blood). When you breathe out, your chest relaxes as air is moved out.

While exercising, our bodies need more oxygen. The lungs will need to work harder to take more breaths so that more oxygen is moved into the blood.

Children take more breaths than adults because their lungs are smaller (need to work harder).

Stomach and intestines:

When we eat, food goes to the stomach and intestines

The stomach breaks food down

The intestines absorb important nutrients from the food (nutrients = things in food that help our bodies to grow and work well)

Brain:

Get messages from sense organs, eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose

From the information collected from the organs, the brain helps us think, talk, write, and move.

It is better to make your brain work harder. When you get things wrong, if you keep trying, your brain will improve.

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4.2 Animal groups and different life cycles

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4.2 Animal groups and different life cycles

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Warm-blooded: bodies make the heat inside

Cold-blooded: bodies' temperatures = environment around

Animal groups:

Mammals: warm-blooded, body hair (lông), have babies [động vật có vú]

Reptiles: cold-blooded, scales (vẩy), lay eggs [bò sát]

Fish: cold-blooded, gills (mang), scales (vẩy), live in water, lay eggs [cá]

Birds: warm-blooded, feathers (lông vũ), lay eggs [chim]

Insects: body in 3 parts, 6 legs, lay eggs [côn trùng]

Amphibians: live on land and in water, cold-blooded, lay eggs [động vật lưỡng cư]

Life cycles:

Animals start life as an egg or a baby

When they are adults, animals can make new eggs or babies

--> These changes happen one after another; happen from the start until the end of the animals' life = life cycle

Life cycle of a human: baby-->toddler-->child-->teenager-->adult (repeat again)

Life cycle of a frog: eggs-->tadpole without legs-->froglet-->adult frog (repeat again)

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Fossil = an impression made in mud. (The hard parts of the dead animal press into the mud, and the shape of the hard parts are copied in the mud. Over a long time, the mud turns into a rock).

Most fossils are buried under rocks deep underground

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Forces can make objects...

change shape

speed up or slow down

change direction

Gravity:

the force that pulls objects towards the Earth

makes object have weight (weight is another force that you can measure)

Standard units and forcemeters:

Standard units of length: metres (m), centimeters (cm)

Standard units of time: minutes (min), seconds (s)

Standard unit of force: newton (N)

--> Force is measured by a forcemeter

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Gravity: a force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth; makes things have weight

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Made when 1 object moves on another object

Happens where the surface of the object pushes over the surface of the other object

Pushes against the movement --> slows down the moving object

Makes heat

Grippy surface = a surface that has lots of friction

Slippery surface = a surface that has a little friction

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Magnets:

Magnets have a north pole and a south pole (the north pole is sometimes colored red and the south pole colored blue)

Magnets can push and pull. This force is called magnetism

Magnetic materials = materials that are pulled towards a magnet

Repel >< Attract:

Opposite poles attract each other; same poles repel each other

N + N = repel

S + S = repel

N + S = attract

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6.1 The shape of the Earth, Sun and Moon

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6.1 The shape of the Earth, Sun and Moon

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The Earth, the Sun and the Moon are all spheres (they are spherical)

Gravity makes spheres:

Every object with mass has gravity. The more mass an object has the stronger the gravity. An object's gravity pulls everything towards the centre of the object

--> The Earth is a sphere because the Earth's gravity pulls everything, even itself, towards the centre
--> The Moon is a sphere because the Moon's gravity pulls all the rock it is made of towards the centre
--> The Sun is a sphere because the Sun's gravity pulls all the gas it is made of towards the centre

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The Moon is a large sphere of rock that is moving slowly in a circle around the Earth. This circle is called the Moon's orbit (the Moon takes 29 days to orbit the Earth).

The Moon has many craters. Craters are made when space rocks hit the Moon's surface.

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In space, light from the Sun only shines on the front half of the Moon. Looking at the Moon from Earth, we often see some of the dark half of the Moon. It looks like the Moon is changing its shape. The different shapes are called phases.

Gibbous Moon [trăng khuyết] = when the Moon is further away from the Sun than Earth, we see lots of the light side and only a little of the dark side

First quarter Moon (it is a quarter of the way around its orbit) [trăng bán tròn] = when the Moon is the same distance away from the Sun as Earth, we see half of each side

Crescent Moon [trăng lưỡi liềm] = when the Moon is closer to the Sun than Earth, we see only a little of the light side and lots of the dark side

Full Moon [trăng tròn] = when ~no sunlight reaches the Moon

New Moon [trăng non] = when the Moon blocks nearly all the sunlight

--> Waxing = when the light side of the Moon is getting bigger
--> Wanning = when the light side of the Moon is getting smaller