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Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement.  Known as “the Liberator”

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Simon Bolivar, most influential leader in South American independence movement.  Known as “the Liberator”

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Only Latin American colony that achieved independence with no widespread bloodshed or violent upheavals.

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Only Latin American colony that achieved independence with no widespread bloodshed or violent upheavals.

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Flip- flopper. In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain. That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its emperor and he became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico. In 1823 he is overthrown and executed.

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Flip- flopper. In 1821, Mexico declared independence from Spain. That same year Mexico named Iturbide as its emperor and he became Emperor Agustin I of Mexico. In 1823 he is overthrown and executed.

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Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for independence movement

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Strong military leader, took control of parts of Mexico for independence movement

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 Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence. 

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 Hidalgo would later become known as the Father of Mexican Independence. 

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José de San Martín, (born Feb. 25, 1778, Yapeyú, Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata-died Aug. 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fr.), National hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821). Son of a professional soldier and colonial administrator, he was educated in Spain. Initially he fought loyally for Spain against the Moors (1791), the British (1798), and the Portuguese (1801), but in 1812 he returned to the New World to help the revolutionaries. His greatest campaign was the liberation of Lima, without which the independence of the Argentine provinces could not have been secured. His bold strategy was to lead an army over the Andes, a daunting undertaking. In 1817 he liberated Chile, which he turned over to Bernardo O'Higgins, and proceeded to Peru by ship, where he blockaded the chief port until the royalists withdrew. He then entered Lima and declared the independence of Peru, though he lacked adequate forces to subdue the royalists in the interior. The following year he met with Simón Bolívar; what passed between them is unknown, but San Martín soon afterward went into exile in France, leaving Bolívar to complete the liberation of Peru.

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José de San Martín, (born Feb. 25, 1778, Yapeyú, Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata-died Aug. 17, 1850, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Fr.), National hero of Argentina who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821).

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Haiti - first successful black colony to free itself from Europe

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Haiti - first successful black colony to free itself from Europe

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Toussaint L’Ouverture (formerly  enslaved) led bloody revolt against settlers.
By 1801 enslaved individuals are free.
1804 revolutionaries declared independence.
Haiti- "mountainous land"

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The King who Declared Independence from Himself | The Life & Times of Pedro I

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Mulattoes- This group of people came from a background of European and African ancestry. These people did not have many rights as they were often treated similar to those of African descent, or enslaved people.

Africans- These people were of African descent. Free and enslaved Africans fell under this social class and had little to no say. Oftentimes these people would run away and become part of the Native American class.

Native Americans- This group consisted of Native Americans and were the lowest class. They were primarily on their own and did not have much say.

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Dom Pedro I of Brazil should be remembered because he established Brazilian independence and he adapted a liberal constitution fro its time.

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Peninsulares-  These people are the highest class. They were born in the Iberian peninsula. They are the only people who are permitted to occupy important positions in the military and in the church. They were expected to hold loyalty to the colonial leaders.

Creoles-  The Creole people were born in the Americas. They were high on the caste system pyramid. These people could own land but were not allowed to hold the higher government positions.

Mestizos- The Mestizos were born of spanish  and Native descent. They are similar to our middle class. They couldn't own their own land but were allowed to inherit land.

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Versión en español

Born in Valladolid (now known as Morelia), Iturbide joined the militia at 16 in 1799. When Miguel Hidalgo revolted, Iturbide fought steadfastly for the royalists. In 1816 he was cashiered from the military amid corruption charges about which he went to Spain to argue his case.

After he was restored to the army in 1821, Iturbide spent his time profitably in discussions with friends and foes calling for them all to accept the Plan of Iguala, which promised a constitutional monarchy with the Spanish monarch in charge, under the provisions of the Constitution of 1812,
and equality of all groups. When the Spanish Jefe Político Superior Juan O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba (24 August 1821), these ideas were included. When Spain refused to accept these terms, Iturbide, supported by the army and a vast majority of the people, declared himself Emperor Agustín I.

Iturbide's undoing came from his refusal to accept Congressional authority and the lack of funds to put a reliable army at his disposal. Once the Plan of Casa Mata was proclaimed, calling for his ouster and provincial autonomy, he was finished. He went into exile with his family, but returned ill-advisedly in July 1824, was captured, found guilty and executed.

Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress
Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-52558 (b&w film copy neg.)
Illus. taken from Century Magazine, 1897, v. 33, p. 115

Nacido en Valladolid (ahora conocida como Morelia), Iturbide entró en la milicia en 1799 a los 16 años. Desde que Miguel Hidalgo y sus correliginarios lanzaron su rebelión, Iturbide luchó dedonadamente por el lado de los realistas. En 1816 fue expulsado del ejército entre cargos de corrupción, por lo que fue a España para argumentar su caso.

Después de su regreso al ejército en 1821, Iturbide pasó su tiempo en discusiones con amigos y enemigos para que aceptaran el Plan de Iguala, el cual prometía una monarquía constitucional con el monarca español a cargo, bajo las provisiones de la Constitución española de 1812, e igualdad para todos los grupos. Estas ideas fueron incluidas cuando el Jefe Político Español Juan O'Donojú firmó el Tratado de Córdoba (el 24 de agosto de 1821) y México se independizó. Después de que España rehusó aceptar estos términos, Iturbide, apoyado por el ejército y la gran mayoría del pueblo, se declaró emperador como Agustín I el 18 de mayo de 1822.

Su ruina fue a causa de su oposición a aceptar la autoridad del Congreso y la falta de fondos para poder tener un ejército de confianza a su disposición. Una vez que el Plan de Casa Mata fue proclamado, que pedía su destitución y autonomía para las provincias, estaba acabado. Se exilió con su familia, pero, debido a malos consejos que recibió, regresó en Julio de 1824, fue capturado, declarado culpable y ejecutado.

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Distant Neighbors (Hispanic Reading Room, Hispanic Division)

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Versión en español Born in Valladolid (now known as Morelia), Iturbide joined the militia at 16 in 1799. When Miguel Hidalgo revolted, Iturbide fought steadfastly for the royalists. In 1816 he was cashiered from the military amid corruption charges about which he went to Spain to argue his case.

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- First Emperor
- Son of King John VI of Portugal
- When Napoleon invaded and conquered Brazil, Pedro I accompanied the royal family in their flight to Brazil. He remained there in 1821, when his father returned to Portugal.
- Pedro I wanted Brazilian independence from Portugal, but the Portugesse Cortêz (Their Parliament) wanted Brazil to remain a colony
- The Cortêz advised Pedro I to return to Lisbon to finish his political independence.
- Brazil declared independence in 1822. He was crowned Emperor 3 months later.
- Pedro I exiled the assembly's leader when they proposed a liberal constitution. This brought his popularity down
- He accepted a relatively liberal constitution later on, somewhat restoring his popularity

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80b4ROFoaFY

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Simón Bolívar - Reverberations - Extra History - #1

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- He was a incredibly skilled military leader who was formerly enslaved in Haiti, but once emancipated, led the largest slave revolt in history, the Haitian Revolution. This resulted in the creation of the first independent nation in Latin America.
- He taught his soldiers, the majority of them formerly enslaved, guerilla warfare, which would eventually cause them to succeed and prevent France from restoring slavery on the island, despite their leading generals surrendering.
-L'Ouverture's success inspired other enslaved societies and showed them that it was possible for black men to defeat the most skilled and educated white generals and armies.

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- Iturbide was a leading figure in Mexican independence and his military strength and knowledge allowed for the treaty of Cordova. Without Iturbide, the movement had little strength. He was a key role in the recognition of Mexican independence. Furthermore, he was the first leader of independent Mexico and established an empire.

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-Hidalgo inspired the idea of Mexican Independence from the Spanish Empire.
-Hidalgo gave his famous speech "Grito de Dolores," which urged his people to take up arms and join him in the fight against the injustice they'd faced under Spanish rule.

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José María Morelos y Pavón - English Version

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St. Martin was originally born an educated in Spain and was the son of a professional soldier. At first, he fought for Spain against the Moors, Portuguese, and British, eventually deciding to help New World revolutionaries in 1812. His greatest campaign was the liberation of Lima which would lead to all of his other successful liberations. After meeting Simon Bolivar he was exiled to France which caused Bolivar to finish the liberation of Peru.

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- Iturbide was seen as undiplomatic which often created conflicts with the legislative branch in Congress. Many began to see the leader as attempting to take too much power for himself.
- He failed in creating many of the foreign agreements he needed to as well.
- After dissolving Congress, he was forced to abdicate and was exiled to Europe. He returned, however, leading to his capture and execution.

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- He led The Army of Three Guarantees that had three goals which was to gain independence from Spain, equality for Spaniards and Creoles, and lastly made Roman Catholicism the dominant religion.
- After the independence of Mexico, Iturbide was only briefly crowned Emperor of Mexico.
- As he was an unfit leader for Mexico and it was quickly recognized due to this inability to create peace and stability in the country. Not long after, his own people decided to turn on him and  overthrow him, sending him into exile.

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Miguel Hidalgo is a symbol of Mexico's independence. Although he didn't succeed at gaining Mexico independence from the Spanish army, he inspired the movement and inspired his people to seek independence. His speech, the "Grito de Dolores" (Cry of Dolores) called for the end of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico, and keeps Hidalgo celebrated today as "The Father of Mexican Independence."

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He was executed.

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- Soon Iturbide joined rebellion movements who believed that Mexico should be independent of Spanish rule. In 1820, he met with Vicente Guerrero in which they agreed to support each other.
- Iturbide began his own rebellion movement in 1821 with the Plan of Iguala which consisted of 23 articles with the fundamentals of union, independence, and religion.
- Due to Iturbide's leadership and military strength, he was able to defeat Spain and sign the Treaty of Cordova which recognized Mexico as an independent nation.
- In July of 1822, Iturbide was successfully convinced to become the first emperor of Mexico.

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I took up arms for the freedom of my color. It is our own - we will defend it or perish

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Born September 30, 1765 in Valladolid, Michoacán, New Spain.

Died December 22, 1815 in San Cristobal Ecatepe, State of Mexico

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Egalité for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution

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Learn more on Beyond the Box blog: http://www.beyondthebox.org It was the only successful slave insurrection in history. Vaguely remembered today, it was a hurricane at the turn of the nineteenth century traumatizing Southern planters and inspiring slaves and abolitionists worldwide.

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José de San Martín (1778–1850) was one of the fathers of South American independence and sought the creation of an alliance of nations in South America. Argentinean citizens gave this equestrian monument to the United States in 1925, and the bronze plaque on the back of the sculpture likens San Mart…

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https://www.britannica.com/video/213441/Top-questions-answers-Miguel-Hidalgo-y-Costilla

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Learn about the life of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the father of Mexican independence Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Who was Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla?
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest who is celebrated as "the father of Mexican independence" for his role in the War of Independence that ended Spanish colonial rule in Mexico.
When and where was Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla born?
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was born on May 8, 1753, in Corralejo, Mexico, to parents of pure Creole ("Criollo") descent.
What is Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla known for?
After the French invasion of Spain in 1808, many Mexicans formed secret societies. Some supported the Spanish government, while others-like the group Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla joined near Dolores, Mexico-advocated for independence from Spain, racial equality, and redistribution of land.

The date now celebrated as Mexican Independence Day, September 16, commemorates the day Hidalgo issued the "Grito de Dolores" ("Cry of Dolores"), the speech that effectively launched the Mexican War of Independence (1810-21).
How did Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla die?
In the fall and winter of 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's rebellion marched across Mexico. Many of his followers abandoned him at Mexico City, though, and those remaining suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Calderón Bridge on January 17, 1811.

Hidalgo fled north, hoping to escape into the United States, but he was caught, and on July 30, 1811, he was executed by a firing squad. He was 58.

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A short biography of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Who was Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla? Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest who is celebrated as "the father of Mexican independence" for his role in the War of Independence that ended Spanish colonial rule in Mexico. When and where was Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla born?

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- Despite being a leader in the Haitian Revolution and a key figure in getting the France, he briefly owned 15 slaves himself.
- The social structure of Haiti that he created was based on rule by a military caste, thus not being very equal or beneficial to its black citizens.
- He was unable to resolve the tensions and conflicts between the light-skinned mulatto citizens of the region and the majority black, dark-skinned, formerly enslaved population.

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-Jose St. Martian failed to liberate Peru at first, failing to have enough strength to take out the royalist.

-He was exiled to France not soon after his start to liberate Peru.

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Simon Bolivar was a leader in the movement for independence from Spain in Latin America. Although he is credited for winning independence in Columbia and Venezuela, he played a key role in the fight for independence in many other South American countries, too.

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Jose Maria Morelos was born into a poor family. He worked as a cowhand until the age of 25. At this age he decided to study at the University of San Nicolas to become a priest. He mainly served the Indians and Mezitos in Mexico. In early 1811 he decided to join Hidalgos fight for independence. Through Guerrilla warfare he took most of southwest Mexico. In 1814 Morelos called the Congress of Chilpancingo to draft a constitution and claim Mexicos independence. However, the royalists caught up to him and executed him for treason.

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-In all 5 countries of Peru, Argentina, Chile, Lima, and Spain, Jose Saint Martin had fought against Spanish rule to liberate those countries.

-Jose de Saint Martin had won freedom for Spain (1778 - 1850)

-He had also brought freedom to his homeland country of Argentina in 1821

-Liberation of Chile (1817)

-Martin was the first president of Peru

-Liberation of Lima campaign (1821)

-Saint Martian was also a profound military leader and revolutionary, widely considered to be a national hero in Argentina, Peru, and Spain.

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- Augustin was born on September 27, 1783, in modern-day Morelia but was called Valladolid in his lifetime
- His family was rich, a part of the aristocracy, and he was raised as a devout Roman catholic.
-  After marrying the provincial governor's daughter, Iturbide was commissioned into the royal military where he often led military efforts against liberal rebellions.
- By 1815, he was given command over the Army in the North.

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- led a successful slave revolt- emancipated the slaves in the French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti)
- known to be a formidable or kind leader instilling and earning respect while having fear(he was essentially good at his job)
- won international renown (well-known) in the Haitian fight for independence.
- lead the former slaves that he had emancipated to take over the island of Hispaniola, was successful, and names himself the ruler, they were the first free black republic
- gained his own freedom and power by making strategic power grabs and political maneuvers until he was able to declare Haiti a free republic

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Born: February 25, 1778, in Yapeyú, viceroyalty of Río de la Plata

Died: August 17, 1850, in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France

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Miguel Hidalgo is known as the "Father of Mexican Independence." Hidalgo was apart of the "Queretaro conspiracy," which was a group of people that believed Mexico needed to become independent from the Spanish Empire. On September 16th, Hidalgo waved a banner chanting "Viva la Independencia; Mueran los Gachupines" (Long Live Independence; Death to the Spaniards.) Hidalgo had an army of around 60,000 that marched to Valladolid, Morelia. When Hidalgo's forces went to Toluca in preparation to assault the capital, they met royalists and fought at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces. By November 2nd, Hidalgo had given up on conquering Mexico City and suffered multiple defeats. Hidalgo and the other members of the "Queretaro conspiracy" were captured on March 21st, 1811. Hidalgo was executed in Chihuahua only a little while later.

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Named to honor Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon for his fight for Mexican Independence from Spain

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There are several social classes within Spain and Portugal, which make up the Iberian Peninsula. They varied in social status. From highest to lowest, they list:
- Peninsulares
- Creoles
- Mestizos
- Mulattoes
- Africans
- Native Americans

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Why Should We Remember Jose de San Martin?

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Why Should We Remember Jose de San Martin?

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- Jose Played a major role in winning independence from Spain and bringing freedom to his native Argentina
- Led the wars of independence from Spain for Argentina, Chile, and Peru
- Was the first President of Peru
- Was a national hero of Argentina, Chile, and Peru
- He was a great military commander
- He is one of the Liberators of Spanish South America

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Born: July 24, 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela
Died: December 17, 1830 in Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino, Santa Maria, Columbia

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Argentina and Chile