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Vietnamese civilians taking cover during the Vietnam War.

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During the Vietnam War, U.S. soldiers began to question their contribution to the war as they began to view themselves as invaders (Tanner, 2021).

Shame, guilt, and suppressed feelings from the Vietnam War led to post-traumatic stress disorder in many Army Corps nurses (Tanner, 2021).

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Air Force nurses and techs gear up their PPE as 12 COVID-19 patients aboard a C-17 Globemaster III aircraft.

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Present day, there has been raised awareness of mental health for our troops.

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, hospitals had limited guidance as there were no national strategic plans in place (Anders, 2020).

Similar to previous pandemics, military nurses feared uncertain events from the initial presentation of the virus.

Both military and civilian nurses have teamed together to provide COVID-19 vaccinations and test patients for the virus.

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Lt. Commander Laura M. Cobb, Chief Nurse in U.S. Navy during WWII

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During World War II, a Chief Navy nurse named Lt. Commander Laura M. Cobb was imprisoned for three years by the Japanese (Lucchesi, 2021).

She received a Bronze Star for her devotion in continuing her duties during enemy captivation and being dauntless during an unprecedented time (Lucchesi, 2021).

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Eleven of the twelve nurses that were held captive by the Japanese in WWII.

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Eleven other navy nurses were imprisoned with Lt. Commander Cobb that cared for more than 2,400 inmates. Together, all twelve women were known as the "Twelve Anchors" (Lucchesi, 2021).

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Kate O'Hare Palmer, Army Corps Nurse that served in the Vietnam War.

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As an Army Corps Nurse, Kate O'Hare Palmer reflects on memories of the Vietnam War and how it brought her denial, anger, and guilt (Tanner, 2021).

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The Army Nurse Corps aiding patients infected with the Spanish Influenza in 1918.

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The 1918 Spanish pandemic caused over 50 million deaths worldwide (Talbot et al., 2019).

The need for military nurses resulted in a shortage of civilian nurses (Talbot et al., 2019).

Military nurses were psychologically resilient as they endured several working hours and emotional strain while maintaining sufficient patient outcomes at that time (Talbot et al., 2019).

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The U.S. Navy Nurse Corps aiding patients infected with the Spanish Influenza in 1918.

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Military nurses performed care to large patient loads when hospitals were overcrowded (Talbot et al., 2019).

Military nurses did their best to get to as many patients as possible, but the large ratios and amount of deaths did get them overwhelmed (Talbot et al., 2019).

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Raid on Los Banos concentration camp that was imprisoning several people, including the Twelve Anchor nurses.

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More than 130,000 soldiers were prisoners of war during WWII (Kellogg et al., 2020).

Prisoners of war (POWs) are at about double the risk of cognitive disorders at 31% compared to non-prisoners at  15% (Kellogg et al., 2020).

Depression, social difficulties, and aggression related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been linked to traumatic experiences from being held captive during WWII (Akwe & Hall, 2023).

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Army evacuation hospital Kate O'Hare Palmer worked in during the Vietnam War in 1968.

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Tanner (2021) quotes, "Some found nursing no longer satisfying. The trauma of their wartime experiences haunted them and many suffered from undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)" (p. 16).

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Psychological Determinants of 1918 Nurses

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Psychological Determinants of 1918 Nurses

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Women's Rights & World War I

Women did not have the right to vote during this period. Since WWI was also occurring within this timeframe, many male soldiers had changed perspectives of women when female military nurses aided their wounds and illnesses. This made it empowering to be a nurse and more women felt courageous to be a nurse during a deadly pandemic (Talbot et al., 2019).

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The increase in stress from the pandemic on nurses has left both military and civilian nurses at risk for moral injury (Greenberg et al., 2020).

The build-up of moral injuries can turn into psychological changes with negative thoughts that affect nurses leading to burnout (Greenberg et al., 2020).