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Early computers.

✿ Used mainly for mathematical calculations.
✿ Accessible only at large universities or government and military facilities.

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Behavioristic CALL.

✿ Computers were used to provide repetitive lessons.
✿ Computers gave students positive and negative feedback in response to correct and incorrect answers.

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Communicative CALL.

✿ Language teachers began to change the way they used computers to teach language.
✿ The focus shifted from grammar and vocabulary drills to exercises that encouraged students to create their own sentences.
✿ Computer games were developed to teach language.
✿ Computer as stimulus.
✿ In the late 1970’s computers were used to stimulate writing, discussions and critical thinking.
✿ Computers included spelling and grammar checkers, desk top publishing programs and presentation software.

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Integrative CALL.

✿ Technology advanced in two important ways: multimedia and the world wide web.
✿ Students have more freedom to explore and learn according to their own needs and interests.
✿ Hypermedia can be used within an educational program, or it can be used to navigate on the internet, it helps create a more authentic learning environment.
✿ Computers are an important tool for educators, but technology by itself does not make an effective lesson.