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At this time, Earth had just formed from a hot mix of gases and solids and had almost no atmosphere. The surface was molten, and as it cooled, an atmosphere formed mainly from volcanic gases, including hydrogen sulfide, methane, and 10 to 200 times more carbon dioxide than today's atmosphere.

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During this period, the atmosphere was rich in methane, creating a global haze. There was no free oxygen; oxygen was only present in compounds like water. In the young oceans, complex chemical reactions led to the formation of simple, living cells that did not need oxygen but instead used sulfur and other elements for energy.

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Life and Earth's atmosphere evolved together during this period. Cyanobacteria produced free oxygen through photosynthesis, which reacted with methane in the atmosphere, transforming it and clearing the methane haze. As oxygen levels increased, it led to the formation of redbeds, the oxidization of iron in rocks and soil, and the diversification of life forms, including the emergence of organisms that used oxygen for energy.

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During the Carboniferous Period, oxygen levels increased as plants became established on land. Oxygen reached around 20% of the atmosphere, similar to today's level, and even rose to 35% at times. The growth of forests and swamps led to a decrease in carbon dioxide levels, making the world cooler and forming large reserves of coal from buried plant remains.

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Over the past 290 million years, Earth's climate has been generally warmer than today. Polar ice caps were smaller or absent, and winters were warmer worldwide. Changes in the atmosphere have significantly affected Earth's climate, with greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide influencing global temperatures. Ecosystems and organisms have continuously adapted to these changes throughout this period.