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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a Mycobacteriaceae pathogenic bacterium that causes tuberculosis. In 1882, Robert Koch discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a non-motile, obligately aerobic, intracellular bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Tuberculosis has a distinct waxy covering on its cell surface because of the presence of mycolic acid. Although the belly, bones, neurological system, reproductive system, liver, and lymph glands are all affected, the lungs are the most usually afflicted organ. The bacterium can also be spread by aerosolized nuclei from TB patients.

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Tuberculosis (TB) has been known by several different names throughout its history. Consumption, phthisis, scrofula, the Kings Touch, the White Plague, and the Captain of all these Men of Death have all been given titles.
It's uncertain if all of the many names for tuberculosis were genuinely the disease. A sickness known as Phthisis or Sosha is described in the Indian text Sushruta Samhita. However, tuberculosis did not become widespread among humans until the early seventeenth century, when increased urbanization in Western Europe enabled these airborne germs to spread quickly from person to person.

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The classic tuberculin skin test looks for white blood cells that have already been sensitized to M. tuberculosis. There are also two in vitro techniques for identifying infection. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold test and the T-SPOT TB test both employ a fresh blood sample that has been treated with synthetic M. tuberculosis proteins for roughly a day. If the blood includes lymphocytes that have previously demonstrated sensitivity to tuberculoproteins, the cells will release, which may be quantified by a machine. These tests have the benefits of being quick, easy to read, and not sensitizing the patient to tuberculosis. The test is also unaffected by past BCG vaccination, making it particularly valuable in ruling out tuberculosis in vaccinated immigrants.

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The origin of tuberculosis (TB) in the Americas is no longer a mystery; we got it via seals and sea lions. The earliest strains have given birth to our present type, which originates in Europe. Human TB can be traced back 9,000 years to Atlit Yam, a city now submerged in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Israel. Archaeologists discovered tuberculosis in the remains of a mother and child who were buried together. The first documented mentions of tuberculosis were in India and China.

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You obtain tuberculosis by breathing in germs that cause tuberculosis that are present in the air. Someone who already has the TB bacterium in their body releases the bacteria into the air. Tuberculosis is transmitted from person to person through the air. Droplets carrying the germs are discharged into the air when a person with TB of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, sings, or speaks. That is why people who believe they are contagious will frequently put something over their lips when they are around other people.

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The symptoms of tuberculosis vary depending on where the germs are developing in the body. TB germs are often found in the lungs (pulmonary TB). TB illness in the lungs can produce symptoms such as a persistent cough lasting three weeks or more or chest discomfort. Although your body can retain the germs that cause TB, your immune system can typically keep you healthy. In reality, the majority of people who become infected with tuberculosis are able to combat the bacteria before they spread. This illness is known as "latent TB" by doctors.

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Tuberculosis can be treated in a variety of methods. The duration of TB treatment regimens varies, as do the types of anti-TB medications recommended, as well as the dose and frequency of the drugs. The regimens discussed on this page are for the treatment of drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Shorter regimens allow patients to complete therapy more quickly. Based on drug susceptibility data, concurrent medical problems (e.g., HIV, diabetes), and the possibility for drug-drug interactions, healthcare practitioners can select the best TB treatment plan.

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Traveling by plane provides a low risk of contracting TB of any form. Travelers who will be working in clinics, hospitals, or other health care settings where tuberculosis patients are likely to be encountered should seek the advice of infection control or occupational health specialists. BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccination is used to prevent tuberculosis. It is more effective in children, while its effectiveness in adults varies. If a family member is known to infect at home, another precaution is to wear a mask. If possible, keep separate utensils and rooms; keep the most susceptible children or elderly people away from the sick individual.

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TB illness in children under the age of 15 (also known as pediatric tuberculosis) is a public health issue of particular importance since it is a marker for recent TB transmission. Furthermore, babies and young children are more prone than older children and adults to develop life-threatening types of tuberculosis. Children less than 5 years old and adolescents older than 10 years old have the highest number of TB cases among children. Through the air, tuberculosis germs travel from person to person. When a person with TB illness of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, or sings, the germs are released into the air. People in the vicinity may inhale these germs and become ill.

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25% of the world's population is afflicted with tuberculosis (TB) germs. Only a small percentage of people infected will get TB. People with compromised immune systems are at a substantially higher risk of contracting tuberculosis. A person living with HIV is approximately 20 times more likely to get active TB. The WHO End TB Strategy, agreed by the World Health Assembly in May 2014, is a strategy for nations to end the TB epidemic by reducing TB deaths, incidence, and catastrophic costs. It includes worldwide impact objectives to reduce TB mortality by 90% and new cases by 80% between 2015 and 2030 and to ensure that no family is saddled with catastrophic TB costs.