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Veterinary Research 53, Article number: 38 (2022) Cite this article

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Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a newly emerging virus, with both PCV4 genomic DNA and specific antibodies detected in swine herds in several provinces in China and South Korea. Although the virus was first identified in 2019 in Hunan, China, retrospective research suggests that serum samples collected as early as 2008 were positive for PCV4 antibody. Infections with only PCV4 or co-infections with other pathogens have been associated with several clinical manifestations, but its pathogenesis remains to be determined. The purpose of this review was the following: (1) to characterize PCV4 epidemiology by assessing evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of PCV4 strains circulating in swine herds; (2) to reconstruct a computerized 3D model to analyze PCV4 Cap properties; (3) and to summarize the current evidence of PCV4-associated clinical-pathological manifestations. The origin of PCV4 is apparently distinct from other PCV, based on analysis of phylogenetic trees. Of note, PCV4 shares an ancient common ancestor with mink circoviruses. Furthermore, the amino acid residue at position 27 of the PCV4 Cap is a key benchmark to distinguish PCV4a ( ²⁷S) from PCV4b ( ²⁷ N), based on PCV4 strains currently available, and variation of this residue may alter Cap antigenicity. In addition, the capsid surface of PCV4 has characteristics of increased polar residues, compared to PCV2, which raises the possibility that PCV4 may target negatively charged host receptors to promote virus infection. Further studies are required, including virus isolation and culture, and more detailed characterization of molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of PCV4 in swine herds.

Introduction

Porcine circoviruses (PCV) are members of the Circovirus genus in the Circoviridae family, characterized as non-enveloped viruses composed of a circular, single-stranded genomic DNA within an icosahedral capsid, ~17 nm in diameter [ 1, 2, 3]. To date, there are four identified types: PCV1, PCV2, PCV3, and a novel PCV4.

PCV4, a newly emerging circovirus, was first identified in 2019 in Hunan, China, in pigs with several clinical disease syndromes, including respiratory and enteric signs as well as porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) [ 3]. However, in retrospective studies, PCV4 genomic DNA was detected in swine tissue samples collected in 2012 from Henan, China [ 4], with some serum samples collected as early as 2008 from Chinese swine positive for PCV4 antibody [ 5]. Therefore, there is evidence that PCV4 has been present and circulating in swine herds for more than a decade.

The genome of PCV4 contains 1770 bases and a palindrome stem-loop structure, with the conserved nonanucleotide (CAGTATTAC) located within the intergenic region between two major open reading frames (ORF) (Figure 1). PCV4 has high nucleotide identity (66.9%) to mink circovirus, but low identities (43.2-51.5%) to other PCV [ 3]. ORF1 encodes the replicase protein (Rep) and the length of PCV4 ORF1 sequences differs from PCV1 and PCV2. In that regard, whereas ORF2 encodes the capsid protein (Cap), the length of PCV4 ORF2 sequences differs among PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3. Alignment of Cap sequences revealed that PCV4 has low identities with PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3 (~43.1, 45 and 24.5%, respectively) [ 3]. Cap is the sole structural protein of PCV, with a vital role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and actin- and small GTPase-dependent pathways for virus cell entry into host cells, as determined in a study with PCV2 [ 6, 7]. Additionally, it is noteworthy that Cap mutations cause antigenic drifts and potentially enable PCV2 and PCV3 to evade immunity [ 8, 9]. Evolutionary pressures driving mutations may enable the virus to generate resistance to antiviral treatment, evade host immune responses, and facilitate its adaptation to the environment and hosts. Thus, elucidating the evolutionary dynamics of Cap is key to understanding this emerging PCV4.

Genomic characterization of PCV4. The PCV4 genome, a single-stranded circular DNA genome with 1770 nt, contains two major ORF that differ from those in PCV1, PCV2 and PCV3. However, the stem-loop of PCV4 has a conserved 9-nt nonanucleotide sequence (CAGTATTAC) located within the intergenic region between ORF1 and ORF2.

The purpose of this review was the following: (1) to characterize PCV4 epidemiology by assessing evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of PCV4 strains circulating in swine herds; (2) to reconstruct a computerized 3D model to analyze PCV4 Cap properties; and (3) to summarize clinical diseases associated with PCV4 infection.

Evolution and genetic diversity of PCV4

Evolutionary changes

Although PCV4 was discovered in 2019 in the Hunan province of China, retrospective studies demonstrated that PCV4 DNA was present in swine samples collected in 2012 [ 4], implying PCV4 has been circulating in pigs for at least a decade. Since 2019, PCV4 has been reported in several provinces of China, including Hunan, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanxi, Guangxi, and Inner Mongolia [ 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Furthermore, PCV4 was also detected in domestic swine in Korea [ 15, 16]. Notwithstanding, based on failure to detect PCV4 DNA in swine samples (sera and tissues) from Europe (Italy and Spain) [ 17], it seems PCV4 appears to have a limited geographic distribution. Thus, distribution of PCV4 in other geographic regions requires further study.

For a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of PCV4, we analyzed a dataset that included sequences from 35 PCV4 and other circoviruses from a variety of host species. RDP4 recombination analysis software was used to detect gene recombination, but there was no evidence of recombination. Sequences were aligned with the Clustal W method conducted in MEGA 7. To trace the origin of PCV, a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed, based on Rep amino acid sequences, using the neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Based on phylogenetic trees, we inferred that PCV1 and PCV2 are closely related to bat-clade 2 circoviruses, whereas PCV3 is closely related to bat-clade 1 circoviruses, indicating a potential bat circovirus origin (Figure 2). However, PCV4 has a distinct origin from other PCV (Figure 2). All PCV4 strains were closely related to mink circoviruses (NJ tree bootstrap = 1.0, ML tree bootstrap = 0.99). The NJ and ML trees had similar topology, emphasizing that PCV4 shares a common ancient ancestor with mink circoviruses, providing evidence that it is reasonable to trace the origin of PCV based on the conserved Rep protein.

Phylogenetic trees of circoviruses, using conserved Rep amino acid sequences. The analysis contained 93 amino acid sequences. Neighbor joining ( A) and maximum likelihood ( B) trees were reconstructed using the p-distance and Jones-Taylor-Thornton (JTT) model, respectively, with 1000 bootstrap replicates and bootstrap >50%.

Genetic analysis

Based on complete genomes, rep or cap genes of all the 35 PCV4 sequences deposited in GenBank, phylogenetic trees were constructed, and PCV4 was divided into 2 temporary genotypes: PCV4a and PCV4b [ 18]. PCV4a contained 29 sequences collected from 2012 to 2021, whereas PCV4b only included 6 PCV4 sequences from 2017 to 2020. To better understand differences between the two genotypes, sequence alignments revealed that residues at positions 4, 155 and 228 in ORF1 and residues at positions 15, 27 and 138 in ORF2 were mutation hot-spots (Figure 3).

Phylogenetic trees of PCV4, based on the complete genome. A neighbor joining tree was reconstructed using p-distance model with 1000 bootstrap replicates and bootstrap >50%. Amino acid sequences of putative ORF1 and ORF2 were aligned with the ESPript 3.0 online tool, and the hot-spots of mutations are represented by the columns with their corresponding positions.

It is noteworthy that two-point mutations (R15W and S27N) occur in the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) region of the PCV4 Cap, an arginine-rich region within the circovirus genus, which may be implicated in the package of the viral genome [ 15, 19]. Recently, it was reported that residue 1-20 of NLS is responsible for nucleolar localization of PCV4 Cap. Furthermore, the Cap is capable of directly interacting with nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1) [ 20]. The positively charged NLS remains buried in the internal surface of the PCV2 capsid, which may externalize in the metastable capsid during viral "breathing" [ 19]. Nevertheless, our previous study revealed that the peptide containing residues 1-17 of PCV2 NLS (defined NLS-A) was rapidly internalized via direct translocation by increased membrane permeability during cellular uptake [ 21]. Additionally, the positively charged residue (R) of PCV2 NLS-A changed to an uncharged residue (A), which significantly decreased membrane permeability and inhibited viral entry into cells (unpublished data). Thus, it was predicted that the mutation of R15W may affect PCV4 NLS functionality [ 18], although effects on membrane permeability remain to be determined. At position 27, a polar residue ( ²⁷S) was changed to a similar polar one (N). Of note, the residue at position 27 was a critical site to distinguish PCV4a ( ²⁷S) from PCV4b ( ²⁷ N), based on all PCV4 sequences deposited in GenBank (Figure 3). Furthermore, epitope prediction suggests that the NLS contained a potential linear B cell epitope (5-35 aa). Furthermore, a previous study revealed that an epitope (26-36 aa) within the NLS of the PCV2 Cap, is a critical B cell epitope capable of eliciting neutralization antibody against PCV2 infection [ 22]. Therefore, mutations occurring at the two sites (15 and 27) of the NLS may alter antigenicity of the PCV4 Cap. However, potential immunogenic changes due to variations of the Cap NLS between PCV4a and PCV4b remain to be determined.

Analysis of PCV4 Cap properties

The Cap is the sole structural protein, capable of eliciting robust immune responses and regarded as the major target antigen for PCV4 serological diagnosis and vaccine design [ 23]. Since the three-dimensional (3D) structure of PCV4 Cap has not been resolved, we modeled the 3D structure of the PCV4 Cap via homology modeling based on PCV2 Cap structure (PDB ID: 3R0R) in the SWISS-MODEL, as described [ 23]. There was a typical jelly-roll structure in the PCV4 Cap, although surface-exposed loops were distinctly different between PCV2 and PCV4, similar to the PCV2 Cap [ 23]. As a non-enveloped virus, the Cap has a vital role in entry of the virus into cells. PCV2 enters host cells via attachment of the PCV2 icosahedral capsid to the moiety of heparan sulfate (HS) or chondroitin sulfate B (CSB) on the cell surface [ 24]. Residues responsible for binding to HS or CSB have been resolved by Reza Khayat's group and, interestingly, are discontinuously distributed on the capsid surface [ 25]. Based on our analysis of electrostatic properties, PCV4 has 14 polar residues on the capsid surface, including seven positively charged residues (R and K) and eight polar amino acid residues (N and Q) (Figure 4A), with more polar residues than PCV2 (Figure 4B). In general, residues on the outer surface of the Cap are locations where the Cap interacts with the environment (e.g., cell receptors). Therefore, a better environment is created for receptor binding by hydrogen bonds, increasing its polarity by increasing polar residues on PCV4 capsid surface. Although the receptor and cell entry mechanism of PCV4 are unknown, we reported that PCV4 virus-like particles (VLP) can efficiently enter porcine cell lines (PK15 and 3D4/21) [ 23]. Thus, we hypothesized that PCV4 may have evolved with increasing polar residues via nonspecific interactions of the virus with negatively charged HS, CSB or perhaps other cell membrane receptors during PCV4 infection.

3D structures of PCV2 and PCV4 Cap and capsid. The 3D structure of PCV4 Cap was generated via homology modeling, using the PCV2 Cap as a template (PDB ID: 3R0R). 3D structures of Cap and capsid were displayed with Pymol version 1.8.0.3. Electrostatic surface analysis of Cap monomer (far left) was computed in Chimera. The positively charged and polar amino acid residues of the Cap monomer (center) and capsid (far right) were indicated by light blue and red, respectively.

Epidemiology of PCV4 and clinical diseases associated with this virus

Since the first discovery of PCV4 in the Hunan province of China, there have been several serological surveys and molecular epidemiology reports. PCV4 was detected in pigs of various age groups and in several tissues, as co-infections with other pathogens, and with a variety of clinical signs, as summarized in Table 1. To date, PCV4 genomic DNA has been detected in pigs in several provinces in China, as well as in South Korea, with positive rates ranging from 1.6 to 45.39% [ 4, 10]. PCV4 can infect almost all ages of pigs, including sucking, weanling, and fattening pigs, as well as sows and fetuses [ 4, 10, 11, 15]. Additionally, PCV4 genome has been detected in sera and other tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, lymph node, tonsil, intestine, and brain. Thus, we inferred that PCV4 has a wide tissue tropism, facilitating both horizontal and vertical transmission. Interestingly, PCV4 remains geographically confined to Asia (China and Korea), but it has not been detected in Europe. Several animals (mice, dogs and cattle) may serve as reservoirs for PCV, with potential for cross-species transmission of PCV to swine [ 26]. However, currently, it is not clear whether intermediate hosts are involved in transmission of PCV4 to swine herds. Therefore, further monitoring and a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of PCV4 in potential intermediate hosts should provide new insights into the limited PCV4 geographic distribution and assist in controlling PCV4 transmission.

Table 1 Detection of PCV4 in clinical samples.

In a serological survey of 1790 serum samples collected from pigs in 17 provinces of China between 2008 and 2020, overall seroprevalence of PCV4 was 43.97% [ 5]. PCV4 Rep-specific antibodies were detected in sera from pigs of various ages, with the highest prevalence (67.8%) in sows, and the earliest evidence from a sample collected in 2008 [ 5]. In another serological survey of 1048 pig serum samples collected from Jiangsu province of China between 2018 and 2021, 3.44% of samples had PCV4 Cap-specific antibodies [ 27]. Although these serological studies provided insights into the prevalence of PCV4 in pigs, dynamics of viremia and antibody responses to PCV4 infections in swine herds require further investigation.

Pathogenesis of PCV4 is not yet well established. So far, PCV4-associated clinical manifestations have been described in various age groups of pigs, including PDNS and respiratory symptoms [ 3, 4, 12], postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), neurological symptoms and diarrhea [ 4, 11], enteritis and encephalitis [ 4], and skin disease [ 13]. In addition, PCV4 may also cause reproductive dysfunction via vertical transmission, boosting its prevalence in aborted fetuses and sows, and implying an association with reproductive failure [ 4, 15]. Of note, co-infections of PCV4 with other PCV are common in swine herds. PCV2 causes PMWS and PDNS [ 1], and PCV3 may be associated with PDNS and reproductive failure [ 2, 28]. Co-infections of PCV4 with PCV2, PCV3, or both, have been described in pigs with clinical signs of PMWS, PDNS and reproductive failure [ 4, 11, 12]. Moreover, the correlation between PCV4 virus titers and clinical manifestations in pigs may be helpful to elucidate PCV4 pathogenesis. Two groups demonstrated that PCV4 produces a moderate viral load [ 15, 18]. Furthermore, the positive rate and viral DNA loads of PCV2 and PCV4 are higher in spleen and lymph nodes than other tissues [ 18], indicating PCV2 targets lymphoid tissues and causes lymphocyte depletion, consistent with previous studies [ 1]. Based on the similar immune tissue tropism between PCV4 and PCV2, PCV4 may act as a co-factor, or independently cause subclinical infections in pigs with moderate viral loads. In addition, there are reports of co-infection of PCV4 with pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in pigs with neurological symptoms, encephalitis, diarrhea, and enteritis [ 4, 11]. Based on current evidence, PCV4 is often detected in co-infections with other viral pathogens that make it difficult to elucidate the role of PCV4 in disease pathogenesis. Thus, isolating this virus or rescuing PCV4 using infectious clones will provide new insight. Very recently, PCV4 was successfully rescued from an infectious clone of infected piglets, leading to visible pathological changes in several organs in PCV4-inoculated piglets [ 29]. In addition, PCV4 viremia, PCV4-specific antibody and up-regulated cytokines were detected in PCV4-inoculated piglets. These results implied that PCV4 is pathogenic in piglets, which may pose a great threat to the swine industry.

PCV4 can be detected with several diagnostic methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Nevertheless, immunochemistry or in situ hybridization should be used to detect virus-specific antigen or viral RNA expression in various tissues and its associated histopathology. Applying these diagnostic techniques to PCV4 would promote the understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular epidemiology of this emerging porcine circovirus.

Future perspectives

As four distinct PCV are circulating in swine herds worldwide, exploring serologic cross-reactivity of PCV4 with other PCV is important to establish reliable serological diagnostic methods. Two studies demonstrated that the established PCV4 ELISA, based on Rep or Cap, had no serological cross-reactions with positive sera of other PCV [ 5, 27]. Moreover, our previous study also demonstrated an absence of cross-reactions between PCV4 and either PCV2 or PCV3 [ 23]. VLP, morphologically and immunogenically similar to their native viruses, are widely used for novel vaccine design and serological diagnosis. VLP, assembled by a number of subunits (e.g., PCV2 VLP are assembled from 60 Cap subunits), contain multivalent epitopes (i.e., conformational epitopes), with higher avidity to antibodies compared to the subunit protein. Therefore, VLP are advantageous as an antigen for serological diagnostic tests. PCV4 VLP, prepared in E. coli, were highly immunogenic in vivo, and can be used as candidate vaccine and research tools for PCV4, as we reported [ 23]. Thus, PCV4 VLP have much potential for the development of serological diagnostics for PCV4. In addition, Misinzo et al. used PCV2 VLP to investigate the effects of HS or CSB on binding of PCV2 VLP to host cells [ 24]. Due to the lack of an efficient cell cultivation method for PCV4, the use of PCV4 VLP has great potential to further characterize this virus. That PCV4 VLP can be produced with high purity and yields make them a preferred tool instead of virus to study cellular receptors during early stages of virus attachment.

As co-infections of PCV4 with other PCV are common in swine herds, there is rationale for developing multivalent PCV combinations to protect against these co-infections of PCV. Based on sequence alignment, PCV4 had low identities (<50%) with three other PCV Reps and Caps. Nevertheless, PCV4 had identities of ~43-48% with PCV1 or PCV2 Reps and Caps, and it is important to analyze the conserved epitopes among the 4 distinct PCV for vaccine design or antiviral strategies against PCV co-infections; However, whether these PCV share conserved epitopes requires further investigation.

Conclusion

PCV4 is a potential pathogen associated with several clinical signs or syndromes, including PDNS, respiratory or enteric diseases and reproductive failures. This virus has been detected in almost all porcine tissues, particularly in spleen and lymph nodes. Moreover, co-infection of PCV4 with other PCV or pathogens is common in pigs. Therefore, we should focus on monitoring the prevalence and co-infection of PCV4 with other pathogens, as well as continue to closely monitor dynamic changes in genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of dominant PCV4 strains. Meanwhile, as the exact pathogenesis of PCV4 remains to be elucidated, virus isolation of PCV4 in clinical samples or PCV4 rescued using infectious clones should provide more insight to better elucidate PCV4 pathogenesis and associated diseases.

Availability of data and materials

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

References

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the members of Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology for their constructive comments concerning our manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 2018JJ2177) and Double first-class construction project of Hunan Agricultural University (No. SYL2019048).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

1. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China

Dongliang Wang, Jinhui Mai, Yi Yang & Naidong Wang

2. Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China

Chao-Ting Xiao

Contributions

DW and NW contributed to development and writing of the manuscript, reviewing relevant literature, and preparation of tables for the manuscript. YY and CX contributed to writing the manuscript and provided suggestions on the revision. DW and JM contributed to the drawing of the figure. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Chao-Ting Xiao or Naidong Wang.

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Wang, D., Mai, J., Yang, Y. et al. Current knowledge on epidemiology and evolution of novel porcine circovirus 4. Vet Res 53, 38 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-022-01053-w
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Current knowledge on epidemiology and evolution of novel porcine circovirus 4 - Veterinary Research

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Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a newly emerging virus, with both PCV4 genomic DNA and specific antibodies detected in swine herds in several provinces in China and South Korea. Although the virus was first identified in 2019 in Hunan, China, retrospective research suggests that serum samples collected as early as 2008 were positive for PCV4 antibody.

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Antifungal activity of “HO21-F”, a formulation based on Olea europaea plant extract, in honey bees infected with Nosema ceranae.

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Low-Cost Live Insect Scouting Drone: iDrone Bee.

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Low-Cost Live Insect Scouting Drone: iDrone Bee

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Abstract. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, e.g., drones) are a common tool for many civil applications, including precision agriculture, transportation, delivery

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Development and evaluation of a Mycobacterium bovis interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay for detection of bovine tuberculosis.

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Exploration of an imine-based covalent organic framework for the solid phase extraction of nitroimidazoles in milk and meat samples.

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JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY Vol. 70 N° 23

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JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY Vol. 70 N° 23

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Nontargeted Analysis of Lipid Extracts Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Statistical.

Analysis to Discriminate between the Animal Species of Raw and Processed Meat.

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Resistencia a antimicrobianos en bacterias aisladas en la cadena de producción avícola.

Validación de un método para cuantificar tulatromicina en tejidos bovinos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta.

Estudio de reservorios, portadores y fuentes de infección de Escherichia coli shigatoxigénico en diversos contextos geopolíticos de Argentina.

Elementos traza de importancia nutricional y toxicológica: biotransferencia desde matrices ambientales a alimentos de origen animal.

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InVet
ISSN (soporte papel): 1514-6634
ISSN (on line): 1668-3498

Articulos de investigación

Ventilación dual en conejos con condiciones pulmonares heterogéneas. Evaluación del dispositivo ACRA. Estudio preliminar
Tarragona, L; Ceballos, M; Zaccagnini, A; Biondini, N; Diaz, A;Costoya, A;Artana, G; Otero, P

Análisis comparativo de promotores del gen de calpastatina en Angus y Brahman
Motter, MM ; Corva, PM; Soria, LA

Resistencia a antimicrobianos en bacterias aisladas en la cadena de producción avícola
López, V; Guerriero, L ; Elorza, V ; Krüger, A ; Colello, R ; Medici, S ; Espinosa, M ; Casado, P ; Recavarren, M ; Keller, L

Cuantificación de colágeno tipo I y tipo III en el corazón de bovinos con deficiencia secundaria de cobre
Nicastro, CN; Postma, GC; Gazzaneo, PD; Olivares, RWI; Schapira, A; Minatel, L

Validación de un método para cuantificar tulatromicina en tejidos bovinos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta performance con detección por espectrometría de masas
Barcarolo, D; Addona SM; Angeli, E; Peralta, MB; Ortega, HH; Hein, GJ

Expresión del factor de crecimiento de endotelio vascular y de ciclooxigenasa-2 en pacientes caninos con cáncer mamario
Pereira, ME ; Fidanza, MM ; Artese, J ; Gonzalez, SP ; Gabriele, C

Revisiones bibliográficas

Percepción de riesgo de Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico
Broglio, A; Graciano, L; Sanin, M; Blanco Crivelli, X; Cundon ,C; Bonino, MP; Montalvo, F; Degregorio, O; Berra, Y; Bentancor, A

Métodos de inactivación de parásitos presentes en pescados comercializados para consumo humano
Fariña, FA; Pasqualetti, MI; Aronowicz, T; Ercole, M; Bessi, C; Alvarez, M; Lopez, F; Volpedo, A; Ribicich, MM

Aplicación de los parámetros farmacocinéticos/farmacodinámicos (PK/PD) en la optimización terapéutica de los antimicrobianos.
Ambros, LA; Kreil, VE; Montoya, L; Monfrinotti, A; Passini, Sm; Lupi, MP; Doxandabarat, XD; Esmoris, S; Suárez Belzoni, F; Paes Rodríguez, JD; Vera, V; Almoño, B; Lorenzini, PM; Aramayona, SI; Albarellos, GA

Estudio de reservorios, portadores y fuentes de infección de Escherichia coli shigatoxigénico en diversos contextos geopolíticos de Argentina
Bonino, MP ; Broglio, A ; Sanin, M; Cundon, C; Rumi, MV; Blanco Crivelli, X; Bentancor, A

Rol de la hormona del crecimiento en la función ovárica de la vaca lechera
Leiva, CJ ; Durante, LI ; Bértoli, J ; Gatti, E ; Baravalle, E ; Rey, F ; Ortega HH ; Marelli BE

Estudios epidemiológicos en la interfase humano - animal - ecosistema. Factores relacionados al riesgo de infección de patógenos zoonóticos
Berra, Y ; Graciano, L ; Bravo, J ; Orozco, M ; Marcos, E ; Degregorio, O

Gestión de residuos e indicadores de manejo de nutrientes en sistemas ganaderos intensificados
Gil, SB ; Carbó, L ; Herrero, MA

Biomarcadores moleculares en mastitis bovina
Caggiano, N ; De Simone, E

Elementos traza de importancia nutricional y toxicológica: biotransferencia desde matrices
Arellano, F.; Rodriguez, MS.; Alvarez-gonçalvez, C.; Fernandez Cirelli, A.; Pérez Carrera, A.

Comunicaciones cortas

Frecuencia de estereotipias clásicas en caballos de polo en Chile: Estudio preliminar
Arce, G ; Muñoz, L ; Gädicke, P

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InVet ISSN (soporte papel): 1514-6634 ISSN (on line): 1668-3498 Articulos de investigación Ventilación dual en conejos con condiciones pulmonares heterogéneas. Evaluación del dispositivo ACRA.

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Modern analytical methods for the analysis of pesticides in grapes: A review. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/11/1623

Novel Dual-Color Immunochromatographic Assay based on chrysanthemum-like au@polydopamine and colloidal gold for simultaneous sensitive detection of paclobutrazol and carbofuran in fruits and vegetables. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/11/1564

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All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited.

Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Feature Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review prior to publication.

The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. This type of paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications.

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Foods is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal of food science and is published semimonthly online by MDPI.

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Latest Articles

Consumer Behaviour and Attitude towards the Purchase of Organic Products in Riobamba, Ecuador

Foods 2022, 11(18), 2849; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11182849 (registering DOI) - 14 Sep 2022

Abstract

The development of organic agriculture has been promoted worldwide to improve the nutritional health of families, and Ecuador is no exception. The aim of this research was to identify the behaviour and attitudes of consumers toward the commercialization of organic products in the [...] Read more.

The development of organic agriculture has been promoted worldwide to improve the nutritional health of families, and Ecuador is no exception. The aim of this research was to identify the behaviour and attitudes of consumers toward the commercialization of organic products in the city of Riobamba. This will help us to understand in what situations the consumers access these foods, the producer position in relation to the market, and to know their attitude towards these products. The study used a quantitative approach, and is descriptive, incorporating the deductive method and a non-experimental design. The techniques used were a survey as a source of data collection, with a sample including 195 consumers. Linear regression was applied to test the hypotheses; this made it possible to identify those demographic and cultural factors that determine, to a lesser extent, consumer purchase behaviour in regard to organic products. The study determined that motivation, emotions, and feelings are significantly related to the consumer's attitude and purchase of organic products. Full article

A Combined Differential Proteome and Transcriptome Profiling of Fast- and Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscle in Pigs

Abstract

Skeletal muscle fiber types can contribute in part to affecting pork quality parameters. Biceps femoris (Bf) (fast muscle or white muscle) and Soleus (Sol) (slow muscle or red muscle) are two typical skeletal muscles characterized by obvious muscle fiber type differences in pigs. [...] Read more.

Skeletal muscle fiber types can contribute in part to affecting pork quality parameters. Biceps femoris (Bf) (fast muscle or white muscle) and Soleus (Sol) (slow muscle or red muscle) are two typical skeletal muscles characterized by obvious muscle fiber type differences in pigs. However, the critical proteins and potential regulatory mechanisms regulating porcine skeletal muscle fibers have yet to be clearly defined. In this study, the isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteome was used to identify the key proteins affecting the skeletal muscle fiber types with Bf and Sol, by integrating the previous transcriptome data, while function enrichment analysis and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were utilized to explore the potential regulatory mechanisms of skeletal muscle fibers. A total of 126 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between the Bf and Sol were identified, and 12 genes were found to be overlapping between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and DAPs, which are the critical proteins regulating the formation of skeletal muscle fibers. Functional enrichment and PPI analysis showed that the DAPs were mainly involved in the skeletal-muscle-associated structural proteins, mitochondria and energy metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and kinase activity, suggesting that PPI networks including DAPs are the main regulatory network affecting muscle fiber formation. Overall, these data provide valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the formation and conversion of muscle fiber types, and provide potential markers for the evaluation of meat quality. Full article

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All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited.

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Quality assessment of traditional food by NMR analysis.

Application of biosensors for detection of meat species: A short review.

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A new sensor for direct potentiometric determination of thiabendazole in fruit peels using the Gran method.

Single-step noncompetitive immunocomplex immunoassay for rapid aflatoxin detection.

Enzyme-modulated photothermal immunoassay of chloramphenicol residues in milk and egg using a self-calibrated thermal imager.

A novel metal–organic frameworks composite-based label-free point-of-care quartz crystal microbalance aptasensing platform for tetracycline detection.

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Dispersive micro solid phase extraction based ionic liquid functionalized ZnO nanoflowers couple with chromatographic methods for rapid determination of aflatoxins in wheat and peanut samples.

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Vol. 163 N° 3

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EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Vol. 163 N° 3

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Brown spot of pear, an emerging disease in Argentina: identification and pathogenicity characterization of Argentinean Stemphylium vesicarium isolates.

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Brown spot of pear, an emerging disease in Argentina: identification and pathogenicity characterization of Argentinean Stemphylium vesicarium isolates - European Journal of Plant Pathology

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Recently, a new plant disease was detected in the rural area of the High Valley of Río Negro, in Northern Patagonia, Argentina, called "Brown Spot of Pear" (BSP), caused by Stemphylium vesicarium (teleomorph: Pleospora herbarum, syn. Pantoea allii) in its sexual and asexual stages which produces lesions on leaves and fruits.

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ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA Vol. 170 N° 7

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ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA Vol. 170 N° 7

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Natural incidence of pathogenic fungi on stink bug pests in Argentinian rice paddies.

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Methodological guidance for the development of animal welfare mandates in the context of the Farm to Fork Strategy.Evaluation of existing guidelines for their adequacy for the food and feed risk assessment of genetically modified plants obtained through synthetic biology.

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Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: data gaps and uncertainties.

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La planificación estratégica en el sector público. Estado del arte y reflexiones generales.

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Example to be followed: Efficient management information, technology, and mobilization of most citrus growers

towards stricter management result in the decline of greening incidence in the matão region.

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BULLETIN OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE Vol. 79 Nº 1

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BULLETIN OF UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE Vol. 79 Nº 1

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A Molecular Procedure for Detecting Dairy Products Adulteration.

Studies Regarding the Detection of Sulfonamide Residues and Evaluation of the Level of Contamination in Poultry Meat.

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Tablero operativo de mermas y sustentabilidad en alimentos: Una nueva herramienta para prevenir y reducir el desperdicio de alimentos.

Sellos Oficiales de Calidad. Agregado de Valor en los Alimentos Argentinos.

Rotulado nutricional frontal: ¿Qué es necesario saber?