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Is a system for describing and recording the sounds of language objectively. Phonetics provides a valuable way of opening our ears to facets of language that we tend to  understand by reference to their written rather than their actual spoken forms.

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ARTICULATORY PHONETICS.

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS.

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Articulatory Phonetics 1 - RE-UPLOAD IN HD

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ARTICULATORY PHONETICS.Is the study of how human beings produce sound.

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CONSONANTS: Consonants include the sounds we represent as p,b,t,d,m,n,f,v,s,z,l,r,h, in the ordinary alphabet. All consonants are produced by entirely or almost entirely stopping the airstream coming from the lungs. When we almost entirely stop the airstream we force it through such a narrow opening that the airflow at that point is turbulent and noisy

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VOICING: As a warm-up exercise, make the sound fffff, and keep it going for a count of five. Now make the sound vvvvv, and keep it going for a count of five. Now alternate these two: fffffvvvvvfffffvvvvv. You probably noticed that vvvvv had a “buzz” that fffff did not have. That “buzz” is caused by the vibrating of your vocal folds—which you can check by putting your fingers on your throat or by covering your ears as you alternate fffff and vvvvv.

Sounds produced with vibrating vocal folds are said to be voiced; those produced without vocal cord vibration are voiceless. Table 1 lists the voiced and voiceless consonants of English. The letters in [ ] are the phonetic symbols for the sounds.
voiced

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VOWELS: Include the sounds we ordinarily represent as the letters , as well as a number of other sounds for which the ordinary alphabet has no unique symbols.

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Concerns itself with the ways in which languages make use of sounds to distinguish words from each other.

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PHONEMES:You might reasonably have assumed that whenever speakers distinguish between a pair of sounds, they will use that difference to distinguish between words. For example, we know that English speakers distinguish between [s] and [z], and we use this difference to signal the difference between the words sip and zip. We will say that [s] and [z] contrast with each other in English. In fact, all of the sounds we have described so far contrast with each other in English and so are used by English speakers to distinguish words from each other.

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NASALITY:Sounds in which air flows through the nose are called nasal sounds. The air is allowed into the nose by lowering the velum, the soft palate at the back of the mouth  English has three main nasal sounds:
[m] Pam clammy mat [n]
pan clannish Nat [N]
pang clingy ----

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DIPHTHONGOS:We have approached vowels as if they were articulated by a specific configuration of the tongue, lips, and oral cavity, which is held constant throughout their pronunciation. Vowels made like this are called monophthongs; others, called diphthongs, involve a change in the configuration of the mouth. The vowel sounds in the words boy, by, and how involve a change in the shape of the mouth as the vowel is being produced.

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ALLOPHONE: one of the phonetically distinct variants of a phoneme (q.v.). The occurrence of one allophone rather than another is usually determined by its position in the word (initial, final, medial, etc.) or by its phonetic environment.

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[Phonology] Phonological Rules: More Examples

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PHONOLOGICAL RULES: A phonological rule is a general statement about the distribution of a phoneme’s allophones, e.g., those of /t/. There are several types of phonological rules to represent the several patterns of distribution of sounds in a language. The rule for the [t h ] allophone of /t/ can be seen as adding extra breathiness after the release of a voiceless stop. This rule adds the aspiration feature to the consonant. Such rules are referred to as feature addition rules.