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In 1803 Jefferson’s envoys, Robert Livingston, and James Monroe, Negotiated a deal with the French agreeing to purchase the Louisiana territory for 15 million dollars. This purchase gave America another 530 million acres of territory in the West to develop. The only problem with this was that there were already Native people living in this land.

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For years a constant war was fought between the U.S. and Mexican government, and the Apache tribes, due to their resistance to being relocated to reserves. Eventually, the U.S. government made a peace agreement with the Apache tribe stating that if they stayed around the Camp Grant boundaries they would be provided safety and protection. Many locals believed that this was not the right solution and thought war would be a better option. An excerpt from part lll Reading 5: The United States Extends Its Reach says, "Many settlers in southern Arizona argued that the only thing the Apache understood was violence." Obviously many of the locals had a negative bias on natives because of the years of raiding and distrust between the two groups. This leads to story's told by locals that portray the Natives as unintelligent savages.

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As settlers developed towns in the Louisiana Purchase territory. Natives lost their land and resources. So, in retaliation, many tribes raided U.S. towns. Local newspapers showed distrust and hatred towards natives, saying, "So long as an Indian has life and power he is dangerous," Editorial in the Weekly Arizona Miner, 1864. This shows the hatred and distrust that settlers had towards the natives at the time. Which is a key reason that the Camp Grant Massacre happened. A first-person account from, Thompson Turner (a Tubac resident in the early 1860s) says, "Teach them that what depredations they commit will be returned with tenfold force upon their own heads." This first-person account shows how locals felt violence was the answer to their bad relations with the natives.

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How these events led to the Camp Grant Massacre

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How these events led to the Camp Grant Massacre

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After the Louisiana Purchase, many U.S. and Mexican settlers developed the Native's land and depleted resources. This angered Natives which led to violence and distrust between the two groups. In an attempt to end the violence between the U.S., Apache, and other native groups and gain control the U.S. created reservations and the Apache peace agreement. But relations were still sour between the groups and many Apache didn't trust the agreement. On the other side, many U.S. and Mexican settlers believed the peace agreement was not harsh enough and would not solve the problem. So after years of raiding and violence, the settlers snapped and raided Camp Grant killing many Apache women and children.

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Most local settlers had a deep hatred for natives because of the years of "The Savage War" (Apache and Settlers feuding). So for that reason, many Settlers believed the Camp would never work because natives were "hostile savages". So when the settlers responsible for the Camp Grant Massacre returned home many locals praised them. Even after Lieutenant Royal Whitman (The fort's commander) Claimed that the attack,” Was A violation of the U.S Army's peace agreement with the Apache near the fort.” Local newspaper Arizona Miner wrote,"[W]e applaud and glorify the deed, and rejoice in the establishment of that reservation in Arivipa Canyon, where 125 good Pinals shall rest without hunger, or thirst till resurrection.... The surest protection that can be devised is to show these devils in human shape that we can whip them and will do it.... The blood of our relatives and friends[spilled]...on nearly every road and trail in every farming settlement and mining district in Arizona, cries out to us from the ground to rejoice that they are partially avenged...." This shows the local's hatred for the Apache and how they believed this act was called for. The newspaper using wording like,"Devils in human shape" to describe the Apache. In the aftermath, when the settlers were tried for the Massacre they were acquitted and faced no punishment. In response, many settlers described the event as prideful and brave until late in the 20th century.

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The Apache living around Camp Grant had developed good, peaceful relations with the soldiers occupying the fort. So when they got raided by the settlers they felt betrayed and quickly fled away from the camps. An Apache said to Lieutenant White Man, after the attack, "Our little boys will grow up as slaves, and our girls, as soon as they are large enough will be diseased prostitutes to get money for whoever owns them... Our dead you cannot bring back to life, but those that are living... we look to you, who can write and talk and have soldiers, to get them back." This shows how helpless the Apache people felt. As opposed to the settler's view, Apache people were devastated by the massacre. They had no representation in government and no newspapers to spread their point of view. Apache stories would spread through word of mouth and be passed down the tribe. This is another reason the raid was told as a heroic mission for so long that the natives had no way to spread their side of the story. Instead, they had to rely on settlers to spread their story.

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After the Civil War, the U.S. government's main goals were rebuilding the South and expanding westward, often at the expense of Native American communities. While the government did not officially support the Camp Grant Massacre of 1871, its legal system failed to hold the accused accountable. In Silenced Voices it says, “No Apache people were present at the trial. After five days of the testimony, the jury found the accused not guilty.” This shows how the legal system’s bias allowed violence against Native Americans to go unpunished. That pattern of injustice is still relative today, for example, Black men in the U.S. receive on average, 19% longer prison sentences than white men for the same offenses. And they are 1.75x more likely to get convicted of the same crime as a white man.

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My monument will use 144 trees to represent the 144 Apache women and children murdered in the Camp Grant Massacre.

Around the monument will be plaques that show first hand accounts of the event from all sides. My monument will also include the historical significance of this event.