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7 Tricks To Help You Pass Your Next Weld Test

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7 Tricks To Help You Pass Your Next Weld Test

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SUMMARY: In this video on YouTube Kegan and Ashley, who are two welding instructors at Kentucky Welding Institute, go over 7 tips to help pass weld tests. The main 2 overarching things that are mentioned in this video are show up as your best self both physically and mentally, also don't overthink it. They recommend just treating it like any weld you've practiced before.

REFLECTION: I like this video because it is made from another welding institution so not only do they know what they're talking about, but they've also experienced it firsthand. I included it because it gives a tip that is a lot of times overlooked when welding which is your mindset. The more you overthink a weld test and try to treat is differently the more difficult it becomes.

CITATION: "7 Tricks To Help You Pass Your Next Weld Test." YouTube, uploaded by Kentucky Welding Institute, 8 Aug. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZfMIQS-juY. Accessed 27 Mar. 2025.

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7 Tricks To Help You Pass Your Next Weld Test

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How to Prepare for a Welding Certification Test

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How to Prepare for a Welding Certification Test

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SUMMARY: In this article published by Baker's Gas it covers what to expect when signing up for a weld test as well as some useful tips to help succeed. It covers the different welding organizations such as AWS and ASME, as well as the different positions and weld types that a welding test can be taken in. Some of the tips that are also included in this article include adhering to all safety standards and ensuring that you are taking the weld test in the proper position following the procedure.

REFLECTION: This article is very helpful for someone with little experience taking weld tests as it gives the basic knowledge needed heading into the test. I like this article because for someone who doesn't know what they're getting into it is a starting point and not only gives tips but also is informative and explains the different positions in welding as well as some types of weld tests.

CITATION: Baker's Gas & Welding. "How to Prepare for a Welding Certification Test." Baker's Gas & Welding. https://bakersgas.com/blogs/weld-my-world/how-to-prepare-for-a-welding-certification-test. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

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How to Prepare for a Welding Certification Test

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In order to land a welding job, most companies will want their employees to pass a welding certification test. Learn how to prepare here!

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Weld Testing Methods & Welding Test Types

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Weld Testing Methods & Welding Test Types

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Weld Testing Methods & Welding Test Types

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SUMMARY: This article posted by Sandeep Kumar covers different welding test types as well as different ways that they can test your welds. It talks about several types of destructive tests such as bend test and macro test, as well as talks about non-destructive testing such as visual testing and penetrant testing. Destructive testing involves the purposeful destruction of a weld in order to test the soundness of a weld while a non-destructive test does the same thing without destroying the weldment.

REFLECTION: This article I found very useful for many reasons. One of these main reasons is the broad spectrum of weld tests that is covers. It covers everything from a simple visual test to a magnetic particle inspection and goes into detail about each one of them. Knowing this information is key to a welder passing a weld test because the test type determines what is and isn't acceptable in the weldment.

CITATION: Kumar, Sandeep. "Weld Testing Methods & Welding Test Types (with PDF)." Material Welding, 5 Jul. 2023. https://materialwelding.com/weld-testing-methods-welding-test-types/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

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WELD TESTING

Weld testing is a critical and important step in ensuring the quality of welds. There are many different types of weld tests, each with its own objective & testing requirements.

Some common weld tests include Visual Inspection, Bend Testing, tension test, visual inspection, and radiography testing. Welders must be able to produce high-quality welds that meet the requirements specified by the customer or code (E.g., AWS D1.1/ ASME Section IX).

To ensure that welds meet these requirements, they must be tested. Weld testing is a way to evaluate the quality of a weld and identify any defects that may exist.

There are many different types of weld tests (destructive Tests & Non-Destructive Tests) as explained in this post, each with its own objectives. Some common weld tests include Bend tests, tensile tests, visual inspection, penetrant testing, and radiography testing. Each of these tests has its own advantages and disadvantages.

WHY DO WE NEED A WELDING TEST?

Welding is an important process in manufacturing and construction. It is used to join two or more metal parts together. Welding is a special process (as per ISO 9001) that makes it necessary to make sure that the welder is capable of doing the job correctly.

That is why we need a welding test. The welding test will evaluate the welder's skills and abilities. It will also help to ensure the safety of the welder and the people around him. A welding test is essential for ensuring the quality of welds and preventing accidents.

Another purpose of Weld Testing is to ensure that the welds meet the requirements for mechanical and technological properties for their intended use.

For this, samples cut from the welding joint are subjected to various tests (e.g. bend test, corrosion test, hardness test, or RT) to verify and ensure the weld integrity.

WELD TESTING METHODS

Weld testing methods are necessary to ensure the quality of a weld. There are a variety of weld testing methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Weld Testing methods can be classified into two main types:

1. Destructive Testing- Fracture test, Bend Test, Macro test, Tensile Test, etc.

2. Non-Destructive Testing- Visual Testing, Penetrant Testing, Radiography Testing, etc.

The most common weld testing methods are manual visual inspection, radiography, ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle inspection, and liquid penetrant inspection.

WHAT IS A DESTRUCTIVE TEST?

Destructive Testing is a type of testing which involves the deliberate destruction of a weld for weld testing. Destructive testing is used to evaluate the strength, soundness and reliability of a welding joint. There are several types of destructive tests, including:

All these destructive tests are used to evaluate the strength and reliability of welds by subjecting them to weld testing. Welds are usually subjected to mechanical loading to see how they respond.

NDT is another type of welding test method that is used to evaluate the soundness, integrity, and reliability of components. NDT stands for Non-Destructive Testing. NDT involves inspecting components without damaging them.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS

As the world strives to become more environmentally friendly, Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) has become an increasingly important part of many industries. NDT allows products and components to be inspected without causing damage, which means they can be reused or recycled.

There are a variety of NDT techniques, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common techniques include:

Welding is a process that can create some of the strongest bonds in metalworking. However, welding can also cause defects in the weld joint that may weaken the structure.

Non Destructive Testing (NDT) allows welders to detect these defects and fix them before they cause any problems. NDT can also be used to inspect welds for quality control purposes.

TYPES OF DESTRUCTIVE TESTING FOR WELD TESTING

Destructive testing is a type of testing that is used to determine the quality of a weld. There are many different types of destructive testing, but some of the most common are fracture mechanics testing, impact testing, and hardness testing.

Fracture mechanics testing is used to determine the strength and toughness of a weld. Impact testing is used to see how well a weld withstands impact loading. And hardness testing is used to measure the hardness of a weld.

1. BEND TEST FOR WELD TESTING

Bend testing is a common welding inspection method that is used to verify weld quality. The bend test is performed by bending the welded part around a specified notch or radius.

The weld should not fail and the metal should not crack under the stress during bending for an acceptable bend test result.
What is the Bend Test in welds, & the Types of Bend Test?
The bend test is specified in ASME section 9 and AWS D1.1 for welder testing & weld testing for performance & procedure qualification.

2. TENSILE TEST FOR WELD TESTING

Welding is the process of joining two or more pieces of metal by heating the pieces to their welding temperature and then bringing them into contact with each other. The welded joint must have the same strength as the base metal. In order to ensure that the welded joint has the same strength as the base metal, a tensile test must be performed on the welded joint.
What is the Tensile test procedure, types of equipment and Lab report?​

The tensile test is performed by pulling on the welded joint until it fails under tension. The amount of force required to pull the welded joint apart is called the breaking strength or ultimate strength. The breaking strength is measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa) or N/mm ².

The tensile test can be performed in two ways for testing welds:

1. Transverse Tensile Test and

2. Longitudinal Tensile Test (all weld tensile tests).

3. WELD MACRO TEST FOR WELD TESTING

The welding macro test is a test to measure the quality of weldment by observing its weld penetration, welding zone, HAZ & microstructure against the presence of welding discontinuities. The test is performed by etching and polishing the weldment to reveal its microstructure.

The quality of weldment can be determined from the microstructure, such as the size and shape of the grains, the presence of defects, and the degree of separation between grains is checked & reported.

4. CHARPY IMPACT TEST FOR WELD TESTING

A Charpy impact test is a welding test used to determine the toughness of a welded joint. The test is performed by striking the weld with a falling pendulum and measuring the amount of energy required to break the weld.

The energy required to make the fracture is called the "Charpy V-notch" toughness or energy. The Charpy impact test is used to determine the toughness of a welded joint and to compare the toughness of different welding processes.

5. NICK-BREAK TEST FOR WELD TESTING

This test is applied to a welded butt joint in a plate or pipe to check weld soundness. The typical specimen dimensions for plate and pipe.

Read more: Nick Break Test in depth.

It is not necessary to remove the weld reinforcement. The sample is braced as shown in the Below figure and ruptured by giving one or more sudden heavy blows with a hammer at the point of the nick or the notch as indicated.

The rate of applying the force is not critical, because it has no effect on the appearance of the fractured surface.

The surface of the fracture is examined for the presence of internal defects, such as lack of fusion, slag inclusions, and porosity. This test can be conveniently carried out in shops and at Sites for quick assessment of weld quality, since no elaborate equipment is necessary, and the interpretation is relatively simple.

6. FREE-BEND TEST FOR WELD TESTING

Free Bend Test measures the ductility of the weld metal in a butt joint in a plate or pipe in terms of elongation percentage. The thickness of the specimen is the same as that of the plate or the pipe, the width is 1.5times the thickness and the length is anywhere between 150 mm for 6 mm t and 450 mm for 50 mm "t". The length is not mandatory.
What is Bend Test in welds, & Types of Bend Test

The weld is dressed to the plate level by filing, grinding, or machining, bearing in mind that the tool marks should be lengthwise to the specimen. It is important that the line between the weld metal and the base metal is distinctly visible, and if necessary the surface of the specimen should be etched with a suitable reagent.

Two gauge lines are lightly marked on the specimen. The distance between the gauge lines should be 3 mm less than the width of the weld.

7. FILLET-WELD-BREAK TEST FOR WELD TESTING

This test is similar to the nick-break test and is meant to test the weld soundness. The test specimen, as shown in below figure consists of two plates making a tee joint and a fillet weld laid on the outer side of the joint.

The base metal, weld metal, and welding parameters must be strict as prescribed in the welding procedure being qualified. Tack welds at the ends of the joints should be avoided as they make it difficult to rupture the specimen. The manner of positioning the specimen and the direction of force is also shown in the above figure.

The forces may be applied by means of a testing machine, a press or hammer blows. The fractured surfaces are examined for internal defects such as porosity, incomplete root penetration, and slag inclusions.

8. HARDNESS TEST FOR WELD TESTING

The term, hardness of a metal, cannot be precisely defined and has many meanings. In general, hardness usually implies resistance to deformation, and in the case of metals, it is a measure of their resistance to plastic or permanent deformation.

The harder a metal is, the more it resists scratching, wear, penetration, machining, and mechanical cutting.

Tensile strength also increases with hardness. The hardness of the base metal and weld-metal of a welded joint is affected by chemical composition, the metallurgical effects of welding, cold working of the metal, heat treatment, and several other factors.

Limitations have to be placed on the hardness of the heat-affected zone and weld-metal, because if they are too hard, they will not have sufficient ductility for the service conditions and their corrosion resistance may also be impaired.

There are nearly 30 methods of Hardness Testing or Hardness Measurement, but the most widely used are:

9. DROP-WEIGHT TEST FOR WELD TESTING

This test is designed to measure fracture initiation characteristics of structural materials heavier than 18 mm.

The specimen dimensions vary according to plate thickness. For 25.4 mm t, length and width are 355 and 90 mm; for 19 mm t, the corresponding dimensions are 127 and 51 mm. A weld bead, 63.5 mm long and 12.5 mm wide, is deposited on the tension surface of the specimen using a special hard-facing electrode.

It is fixed by punch marks at A, B and C. Actually two beads are laid, one from A to C and the other from B to C as indicated in the figure, so that the end craters meet at point C. The weld bead which is a brittle material is called the crack-starter weld. A notch is made at the center of the bead length and is placed at right angles to the weld bead and parallel to the specimen.

The notch dimensions are shown in Fig. 13.35. It is important that the notch is present only in the weld deposit and that the cutting tool (abrasive disc, hacksaw, etc.) does not touch the plate surface.

The specimen is mounted on an anvil provided with a stop block. The impact load is applied by dropping weight. A machine design suggested by ASTM permits the use of various weights and various drop heights according to the strength level of the metal.

NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT) FOR WELD TESTING

Non-Destructive Testing, or NDT, is a process of inspecting and evaluating a weld without causing damage. There are many different types of , but the most common are visual inspection, radiography, ultrasonic, and magnetic particle testing.

Visual inspection is simply looking at the weld to see if it meets the requirements. Radiography uses X-rays to image the weld and check for any defects. Ultrasonic uses sound waves to detect discontinuities in the weld. Magnetic particle testing uses a magnetic field and ferrous particles to identify cracks and other defects.

All of these methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. For example, radiography can detect very small defects, but it can be expensive and time-consuming. Ultrasonic is relatively cheap and fast, but it can only detect discontinuities that are a certain size or larger.

1. PENETRANT TESTING (PT)

Liquid Penetrant Testing (DP Test) is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method that uses a penetrant liquid to detect discontinuities in a weldment.

The penetrant is forced into the weldment by capillary action and drawn out by the action of a developer. Any discontinuities in the weldment will allow the penetrant to seep through and be drawn out by the developer, causing a visible indication on the surface of the weldment.
Liquid Penetrant Testing (DP Test)
There are two types of penetrants: water-soluble and solvent-based.

Water-soluble penetrants are less aggressive than solvent-based penetrants and are less likely to cause damage to the weldment. Solvent-based penetrants, however, are more aggressive and can cause damage to the weldment if not properly removed.

2. MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING (MT or MPI)

Magnetic particle testing (MPT), or magnetic particle inspection (MPI), is a type of non-destructive testing (NDT) that is used to inspect & locate surface & subsurface imperfections in ferromagnetic materials.

The principle behind the technique is that a magnetic field will cause magnetic particles to cluster around discontinuities in the material. MPT can be used to detect cracks, seams, laps, voids, and other defects in ferromagnetic materials.
Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) principle, techniques, types, advantages, limitations and standards
The most common application of MPT is in the welding industry. Welders use MPT to inspect welds for defects before releasing them for use. MPT is also used to inspect welds that have been repaired.

3. ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)

Ultrasonic testing (UT) is a nondestructive testing (NDT) method that uses sound waves to examine the internal structure of a material. UT can be used to detect discontinuities, such as cracks or porosity, in both welds and base materials.

There are two main types of ultrasonic testing:

1. pulse-echo and

2. through-transmission.

In pulse-echo testing, a burst of sound waves is sent into the material, and the reflected waves are detected by a receiver.

The time between the sending of the burst and the reception of the reflected waves can be used to calculate the distance to the discontinuity.

In through-transmission testing, a probe is inserted into the material and ultrasound is transmitted through it. The reflected ultrasound is then detected by another probe on the other side of the material.

4. RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (RT)

Radiographic testing, also known as RT or X-ray, is a common method of inspecting welds for defects.

A radiograph is a picture of the weld that is created by radiation passing through the weld and striking a film on the other side. By looking at the characteristics of the image on the film, inspectors can identify any defects in the weld.

One advantage of radiographic testing is that it can be used to inspect both surface and subsurface defects. Additionally, it can be used to inspect both joints and welds themselves. However, radiographic testing is expensive and time-consuming, so it is not always practical for use in every situation.

5. VISUAL TESTING (VT)

Visual Testing is a method of inspecting welds and weldments for defects. The technique uses the human eye to examine welds for discontinuities, L ck of Fusion, porosi y, slag inclusions, and other Welding defects.

Visual inspection is often used as the primary method of inspection for welds that are not readily accessible or that are too large to be tested by other methods.
What is Visual Testing or VT?

Visual testing is typically performed by a welder who is qualified to inspect welds. The inspector examines the weld visually and looks for any signs of defects. Defects that are found can be repaired before the welding process is finished or the part is put into service.

6. ELECTROMAGNETIC EDDY CURRENT TESTING

An eddy current test is a non-destructive test (NDT) that uses the principle of electromagnetism to detect flaws in metal objects.

A coil of wire is placed around the object to be tested and an electric current is passed through the coil. This creates a magnetic field which causes currents to flow through the metal object in a circular pattern (eddy currents).

If there are any flaws in the metal, they will disrupt the flow of these eddy currents and this will be detectable by changes in the magnetic field.

Eddy current testing is often used to inspect welds for defects. The weld itself can be tested or the surrounding area may be tested if there is any doubt about the quality of the weld. The test can be used to detect cracks, porosity, lack of fusion, and other flaws.

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Weld Testing Methods & Welding Test Types (with PDF)

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WELD TESTING Weld testing is a critical and important step in ensuring the quality of welds. There are many different ... Read more

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Welding for Beginners: 20 Tips & Tricks to Get You Started

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Welding for Beginners: 20 Tips & Tricks to Get You Started

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SUMMARY: This list of tips and tricks by Water Welders lists off very useful information for beginner welders and goes into great detail with each tip. This article covers everything you need to know about getting started welding whether it's your choice in welding hood or how to practice your welds and make them better with every weld you lay down. Overall, most of the tips cover the broad subjects of being comfortable while welding, be safe, and inspect your welds and learn how to avoid making the same mistake twice.

REFLECTION: I found this link to be very useful because it goes into great detail with each of the tips listed off instead of just listing this tips themselves. This list is mainly good for beginners just starting their welding career but even for people who have been welding for some time these tips still apply, and a lot of the times get overlooked.

CITATION: Rice, Aaron. "Welding for Beginners: 20 Tips & Tricks to Get You Started." Water Welders. https://waterwelders.com/welding-for-beginners/. Accessed 28 Mar. 2025.

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SUMMARY: This website covers the different sessions and types of questions you will see on an exam when trying to join a union. It goes over how a welding exam will typically be made up of three sections. These sections include math, reading, and a third of science, mechanical aptitude, or writing. It then goes on to give us what to expect in each of these sections as well as some examples of problems to ensure that you are prepared when going to take the exam.

REFLECTION: This website is useful because as most websites you find online will give you tips of the welding techniques themselves, not many websites will cover the other things that can go into a welding exam like math and writing. This is also very helpful because it gives us some examples of questions so if you are planning on going to take an exam in order to join a union you can use some of these questions as practice to ensure you are prepared properly.

CITATION: Practice4Me. "Welding Exam Online Preparation & Free Practice Questions - 2025." Practice4Me. Welding Exam Online Preparation & Free Practice Questions [2025] - Practice4Me. Accessed 24 Apr. 2025

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5 Study Tips to Help You Pass a Welder Certification Exam

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5 Study Tips to Help You Pass a Welder Certification Exam

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SUMMARY: This article published by Tulsa Welding School gives some great advice on how to set yourself up for successfully pass a welding certification test. It starts by stating that it is very helpful to get some formal welding training from a vocational school. It then goes on to state how important practicing your techniques and taking practice weld tests is. It also states that it is a good idea to use online study guides and resources offered by professional associations such as the American Welding Society (AWS).

REFLECTION: This article is helpful because it gives some great tips and is from a reputable source that you know you can trust because it is straight from a trade school. I like that it gives more tips than just practicing welding like how it says to using online resources such as study guides. I feel like being under the hood is the best way to learn to weld but you can also find valuable information online.

CITATION: Nguyen, Oanh. "5 Study Tips to Help You Pass a Welder Certification Exam." Tulsa Welding School, 4 Jun. 2015. 5 Study Tips to Help You Pass a Welder Certification Exam | Tulsa Welding School. Accessed 25 Apr. 2025

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Becoming a certified welder increases your chances of landing a job offer from a top employer. However, first you must take-and pass-the welding certification examination. This test measures your knowledge of welding theory and your mastery of hands-on practical skills in your welding specialty.

While nothing replaces diligent study for this exam, there are some tips you can use to properly prepare to ace this challenging test. Consider the following study tips:

Welding Certification Test Study Tips

Get formal welder training at a vocational school

You will learn all you need to know to pass the welder certification exam. Among the many features of a formal welding training program, you will learn how to read blueprints, apply welding theory and techniques, and use different welding equipment. You will also be introduced to various welding specialties, such as pipe welding, for example. Moreover, you will learn about building codes and safety measures. Employers may prefer job candidates who have completed a formal training program.

Use available welding certification study guides

There are many choices for respected study guides. You will find these on the Internet, in libraries, and at bookstores, as well as Amazon.com. These exam-focused study aids reinforce the theory and techniques you'll learn during your formal training program, while focusing on the structure of certification exams.

Take as many practice tests as possible

Picture yourself as a world-class athlete. What typically sets them apart from their competition? Answer: Practice, practice and more practice. Taking these practice tests makes you more comfortable with the exam format and typical questions. Your test scores should improve the more practice tests you complete. When you take the real exam, you will likely be more confident-and you will already be familiar with common test questions.

Perfect your welding techniques to master common technical skills.

You will be expected to perform common welding tasks on the practical portion of the certification exam. Excelling at the practical skill portion is essential for obtaining the welding certification. Fortunately, TWS emphasizes hands-on training time. Our faculty is comprised of knowledgeable welding professionals who have at least 6 years of experience under their belt and will guide you throughout your training.

Use the resources offered by professional associations.

The American Welding Society (AWS), for instance, is the leading professional association for certified welders and welding inspectors, and offers a wide variety of resources for people trying to earn welder certification. With numerous seminars and informative resources on the various welding specialties, the AWS is the premier recognized authority for welder certification. The AWS also offers Accredited Test Facilities for holding and monitoring certified welder examinations.

These study tips should help you pass the welding certification examination. Receiving comprehensive formal training, taking practice tests, perfecting your practical welding skills, practicing with respected test study guides, and using the welding certification exam resources offered by leading welding organizations are the key steps to successfully passing a welding certification exam - regardless of your preferred specialty.
This blog has been labeled as archived as it may no longer contain the most up-to-date data. For a list of all current blog posts, please visit our blog homepage at https://www.tws.edu/blog/

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WELDER EXPLAINS how to ACTUALLY pass a welding test

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WELDER EXPLAINS how to ACTUALLY pass a welding test

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SUMMARY: In this video posted by Pacific Arc Tig Welding a welder with many years of experience welding and teacher other young welders covers helpful points to help pass welding tests. One of the more important points he covers is the fact if you fail a test, you are able to take it again. He talks about how if you fail you can take some time to look back at your first test and analyze what didn't go well on your first attempt before going back and taking it again. He also talks about nerves during a weld test. Even if when practicing the test, it can be easy but whenever it comes time to test the nerves will set it and make it much more difficult. He ultimately says that the best way to combat these nerves is to stop caring and treat it like practice.

REFLECTION: This video is very helpful because this guy can speak from his years of experience and covers something you might not think about. You can always re-test. Of course, no one wants to fail at anything but if you realize that even if you fail, you'll get another chance at it that may settle some nerves. Nerves is another think that you don't think about too much until it comes time to test and has a big factor in if you'll pass or not. Treating the actual weld test just like the practice you've put it on your own time is a very good practice.

CITATION: "WELDER EXPLAINS how to ACTUALLY pass a welding test." YouTube, uploaded by Pacific Arc Tig Welding, 12 Jan. 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClvgWA428s8. Accessed 25 Apr. 2025.

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WELDER EXPLAINS how to ACTUALLY pass a welding test

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SUMMARY: This video includes a gentleman that talks about some helpful tips on welding pipe which a lot of welding tests are. The first he covers is to know where the center of the pipe is at all times during the weld and keep your electrode pointed at is as you work around the pipe. This helps get good penetration into the pipe the whole way around and it prevents any possible defects in the weld. Another tips he covers on that is very important is to not focus so much on what the amperage is set up. Just learn to read the puddle and adjust from that. This prevents you from relying on the machine always being perfectly set right.

REFLECTION: I included this video because a lot of weld tests typically are pipe welding tests and pipe welding tests are much more difficult than just welding on a flat piece of metal. I believe this video is very helpful because it highlights the number one challenge when welding pipe which is to keep the electrode pointing at the center of the pipe. This is the main key difference between pipe welding and welding plate. Another thing I like is that he says to just read the puddle and not worry about the machine settings too much. This is very important to learn because not only do different welders like the machine different but also different welding machines run different. Some burn hotter than others and this can become a problem if you rely on the settings too much.

CITATION: "Beginners Pipe Welding Rules to Live By." YouTube, uploaded by Weld.com, 28 Dec. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4V3f5lxf3Aw. Accessed 25 Apr. 2025