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Verbal Symbol

-Verbal symbols are words or phrases that do not look like the things they represent. They give no visual hints about their meaning.

Importance of Verbal Symbol in teaching

Communicate abstract ideas easily

Save time and space

Support reading and writing skills

Promote critical thinking

Useful in higher-level learning

Purpose of Verbal Symbol

To represent abstract concepts

To facilitate discussion and explanation

To build vocabulary and language skills

To support logical thinking

To connect prior knowledge with new ideas

Tips for teachers

Use clear and simple language.

Define new terms before using them.

Connect words to real-life examples.

Encourage student questions and discussion.

Use visuals or demonstrations to support meaning.

Avoid overloading with too many abstract terms at once.

Reinforce learning with repetition and practice.

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Visual symbols are one of the levels near the top of the cone. They represent abstract ways of learning, things that we see but that do not look exactly like real objects.

Visual symbols include: Charts, Graphs, Maps, Diagrams, Drawings, Posters.

These symbols are not real-life objects, but they help us understand ideas, facts, or relationships. They are more abstract than photographs or videos because you need to interpret their meaning.

Pros:

1. Visual symbols like charts and diagrams make hard ideas easier to understand.

2. One picture or graph can explain something faster than a lot of words.

3. People often remember images better than text, so visual symbols help you recall information.

4. Visuals like graphs or maps show connections (like cause and effect, size differences, patterns).

5. Sometimes, visual symbols can cross language barriers — people from different languages can still understand them.

Cons:

1. Some visual symbols are not easy to understand without explanation.

2. If the symbol is unclear or badly designed, people might get the wrong idea.

3. Not everyone is trained to read graphs, maps, or technical diagrams, so some learners might struggle.

4. Unlike real experiences or videos, visual symbols don't usually touch emotions strongly.

5. Some visual symbols leave out important details to stay simple, which can lead to incomplete understanding.

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Recording Radio still pictures

-Recordings, radio, and still pictures are tools that use sound and images. They can be used by one person or shared with a group for learning.

Importance in Teaching

Enhance understanding with visual and auditory info.

Support different learning styles.

Make learning interactive with real-world contexts.

Reinforce concepts through repetition.

Improve retention using multiple senses.

Provide diverse perspectives.

Tips for Using

Integrate with lessons to reinforce key concepts.

Use recordings and radio for listening comprehension.

Show still pictures to simplify complex topics.

Encourage group discussions to enhance understanding.

Ensure content is relevant and age-appropriate.

Pause and reflect to promote critical thinking.

Procedure in teaching

Choose relevant content that aligns with the lesson goals.

Introduce the media before using it to set context.

Integrate media into discussions to link it with learning objectives.

Encourage active participation by asking questions or prompting reflection.

Monitor students' engagement and understanding during media use.

Follow up with activities like group discussions or written reflections to reinforce concepts.

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Educational Television

-Movies, videos, and TV are powerful learning tools. They make it easier for students to understand concepts and are now more accessible and convenient to use.

Importance in teaching

Make learning more engaging and interesting

Help explain complex ideas visually

Support different learning styles

Improve memory and understanding

Provide real-life context and examples

Easily accessible and flexible for various topics

Pros of Using Movies, Videos, and TV in teaching

Visuals enhance understanding

Keep students engaged and focused

Present real-world scenarios

Support audio-visual learners

Can be replayed for review

Accessible anytime with technology

Cons of Using Movies, Videos, and TV in teaching

Can cause passive learning if overused

May distract from the main lesson

Not all content is educational or accurate

Requires proper equipment and internet

May reduce reading and critical thinking time

Some students may not stay focused

Over-reliance can weaken teacher-student interaction

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1. What is Motion Picture in Teaching?

-A motion picture means a movie or film used as a teaching tool.

-It shows moving images and sounds to explain ideas or tell a story.

-It helps students see real-life actions, places, or events they can't experience directly.

2. Why is it Important in Teaching?

-Makes lessons more interesting and lively.

-Helps students understand better by seeing and hearing.

-Builds a stronger memory of the topic.

-Shows real-world examples, making learning more realistic.

3. The Purpose of Using Motion Pictures in Teaching

-To explain complex ideas clearly.

-To capture students' attention.

-To motivate students to learn.

-To bring distant places, events, or experiences into the classroom.

4. Tips for Teachers When Using Motion Pictures

-Choose movies that match the lesson topic.

-Keep the video short and focused.

-Explain what students should watch for before showing.

-Discuss the movie after showing it.

-Check that the video is suitable for the students' age and level.

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Nang Shwe Yee Phoo and Sr. Rose Mary Pwint Phyu Soe

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Dramatized experience is a teaching and learning approach where students act out concepts, stories, or real-life situations to improve understanding.

It includes different forms such as role playing, pantomime, dramatization, puppetry, and pageants.

Through dramatized experiences, students use body language, voice, and emotions to express their ideas actively.

It is important in Education because it enhances understanding and retention, develops communication skills, encourages creativity and imagination, builds confidence and social skills, engages different learning styles and makes learning enjoyable.

How can teachers use dramatized experiences?

Puppet Shows - Use puppets to tell stories or explain new ideas.

Role Playing - Let students act out real-life jobs, situations, or feelings.

Tableau - Have students freeze in a pose to show a scene or an idea.

Plays - Perform short plays related to the lesson.

Simulation Games - Simulate real-world activities like elections, businesses, etc.

Tips for Teachers

Prepare: Plan the roles, story, and simple dialogue.

Guide: Help students practice and understand their roles.

Be Supportive: Praise effort, not just performance.

Reflect: After the dramatization, discuss what students learned.

Adapt: Keep it short and simple based on students’ age and skills.

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Exhibits

Physical objects, models, or displays that students can view, observe, and sometimes interact with are known as Exhibits.

Examples: An art teacher arranges a gallery of paintings and poems.

How can teachers use exhibits?

-Set up exhibits in the classroom (science fairs, art displays).

-Organize trips to museums, galleries, exhibitions, science centers.

-Ask students to create exhibits as a project.

Boom

-Increases student curiosity and interest.

-Makes learning real and concrete.

-Helps visual and kinesthetic learners.

-Makes lessons lively and exciting.

Bane

-Students may stay passive if not guided.

-Setting up exhibits can be costly and time-consuming.

-Not all schools have easy access to good exhibits.

-Too many displays can confuse students.

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What is Contrived Experience?

Contrived experiences are artificial or created activities that imitate real-life situations to help students learn.

Purpose of Contrived Experiences

To help students understand real-life concepts safely and easily.

To make learning more interesting and hands-on.

To allow practice of skills in a controlled and safe environment.

To build confidence before facing the real world.

Some types of Contrived experiences

Models - Smaller or bigger versions of real objects

Mock-ups- Working replicas that show how something looks/works

Specimens - Real examples of something for study

Objects - Real things, not copies

Simulations - Activities that copy real-life processes

Games - Learning activities in the form of play

How Can Teachers Use Them?

Teachers can:

Show models to explain complex topics.

Let students practice using simulations before real practice.

Use games to make learning fun and memorable.

Use specimens and objects to let students observe and touch real things.

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Study trips are real-life experiences where learners go outside the classroom to explore and learn. They are placed toward the bottom of the cone because they are very direct, real experiences, learners actually see, hear, and sometimes touch what they are studying. Study trips help students connect school lessons with the real world.

Example:

A science class visits a botanical garden to learn about plants.

A history class tours a museum to see ancient artifacts.

A kindergarten class goes to a fire station to learn about firefighters.

Pros:

·       Students experience real environments, making lessons more meaningful.

·       Going outside the classroom feels exciting and fun, encouraging students to learn.

·       Students can see real examples, not just hear about them, which strengthens their understanding.

·       Students often work together during trips, building teamwork and communication skills.

·       A trip can mix science, history, language, and more into one rich learning experience.

Cons:

·       Trips often need money for transport, tickets, food, etc.

·       Organizing and going on trips can take away from regular lesson time.

·       There is a higher chance of accidents when students leave the classroom.

·       Teachers must prepare schedules, permissions, transportation, and safety measures.

·       Some students (due to money, health, or distance) might not be able to join the trip.

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Demonstration is a powerful tool in education.

1. allows students to see a process unfold before their eyes.

2. transforms learning from passive listening to active engagement.

3. Also called audio-visual explanation.

Elements of Demonstration

-Involves both speaking and showing.
- A process where a product, method, or proof is explained visually and verbally.

Procedures for Effective Planning and Preparation of Demonstrations

Establish Rapport:

Avoid the "Clear Only If Known" (COIK) Fallacy:
Teachers must explain clearly without assuming that students already understand the concepts.

Highlight Key Points:

Guiding Principles of Demonstration in Teaching

What are your objectives?

What do your students already know about these objectives?

Do you have all the necessary materials for the demonstration?

Are you familiar with the steps and content of the demonstration?

4. Application Questions for Demonstration

"Less is more."

Better to postpone questions until the end to avoid disrupting the flow of the demonstration.

Teachers should actively check for understanding.

Brown (1969) also suggests important guide questions for an effective demonstration:

Can students see and hear clearly?

Do you use chalkboard outlines or drawings?

Do you define unfamiliar terms?

Do you check for confusion?

Do you use good showmanship?

Do you use audio-visual materials?

Do you move at the right pace?

Do you encourage participation?

Common Mistakes in Demonstration

Not preparing well.

Using examples that are too complex.

Going too fast.

Ignoring student questions.

Not explaining while demonstrating.

Focusing too much on performance instead of understanding.

Not involving students.

Not connecting the demonstration to the lesson objectives.

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Direct purposeful experience

-Concrete

-Firsthand

-Learning by doing

-Make up learning's foundation

-Involve active participation

-Use senses to construct ideas and meaning

Eg, Climbing a mountain

Indirect Experiences

Experiences of others that we observe, read, or hear about. (Not our experiences or firsthand)

Eg, Learn how to bake from video by using our senses.

Key Characteristics of DPE

Firsthand

Purposeful

Sensory

Why Important in Learning?

1. Learning by doing enhances understanding

2. Learning through real-life application

3. Making learning mare real and meaningful

4. Mastering through repetition and reflection

How do DPE amplify learning?

Improve retention and Motivation

Increase engagement

Develop critical thinking

Strengthen connection between theory and practice

Foster independence and confidence

Enrich HOTS

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Nang Shwe Yee Phoo

Seng Ja

Seng Rum

Paing Zay Oo

Ei Aindray Kyaw

Nang Ei Ei Mon

Sr. Rose Mary Pwint Phyu Soe