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Rudyard Kipling- "The White Man's Burden'

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This poem encourages Western imperial powers, especially the United States, to take on colonial responsibilities in the Philippines. Kipling portrays colonization as a noble, though thankless, duty. The "burden" is to civilize non-Western peoples, whom he describes in paternalistic and racist terms. The poem reflects imperialist ideology, promoting the idea that Western civilization is superior and must uplift others.

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Mahatma Gandhi – Hind Swaraj (Excerpts: The Condition of India, Passive Resistance, Machinery) (1909)

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The Condition of India: Gandhi describes India as spiritually and socially degraded under British rule, not just politically enslaved.

Passive Resistance: He advocates satyagraha, or nonviolent resistance, as a morally superior and effective means of opposing colonial oppression.

Machinery: Gandhi criticizes industrialization, arguing that machines dehumanize labor, disrupt traditional life, and deepen inequality. He promotes self-reliance and village-based industry.

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Mahatma Gandhi – Hind Swaraj (Excerpts: The Condition of India, Passive Resistance, Machinery) (1909)

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Joseph Conrad – The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' (1897) & Heart of Darkness (1899) (Excerpts)

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The Nigger of the 'Narcissus': Centers on James Wait, a Black sailor, and how his illness affects the ship's crew. The text examines community, isolation, and racial otherness, while also reflecting colonial-era racial attitudes.

Heart of Darkness: Narrator Marlow journeys into the Congo and confronts the brutality of European imperialism. The story critiques the hypocrisy of “civilizing missions” and reveals the darkness within both colonizers and the system of imperialism.

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Joseph Conrad – The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' (1897) & Heart of Darkness (1899) (Excerpts)

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Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie – “The Danger of a Single Story” (2009 TED Talk)

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Adichie discusses how stereotypes are formed when only one narrative about a people or place is heard. Using personal anecdotes, she explains how African stories are often reduced to poverty and conflict, denying the complexity of African lives. She calls for multiple perspectives to foster empathy, dignity, and a more truthful understanding of people and cultures.

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Derek Walcott – “A Far Cry From Africa” & “Nation, Race, and Language”

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“A Far Cry From Africa”: This poem grapples with Walcott’s mixed heritage (African and European) against the backdrop of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya. It expresses emotional conflict between loyalty to African ancestry and the influence of British colonial culture.

“Nation, Race, and Language”: In this essay, Walcott reflects on Caribbean identity shaped by colonialism. He critiques the imposition of European languages and cultures on colonized peoples and explores how hybrid identities and creolized lang

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Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie explains that stories shape how we understand people and cultures. When one narrative is known, it flattens their identity and denies their complexity. There needs to be diverse, nuanced stories to combat prejudice and celebrate shared humanity.

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Walcott explores the deep conflict of having African ancestry and European cultural upbringing, vividly capturing the horror of colonial oppression and the bloodshed it causes. Rejecting ideas of racial and cultural "purity," embracing hybrid, mixed identities as richer and more authentic.

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Kipling’s poem argues that imperialism is a noble but thankless mission driven by racial superiority and moral responsibility, demanding great sacrifice for the supposed betterment of colonized peoples.

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Gandhi argues that Western civilization leads to moral decay and that true independence is not just political but spiritual and moral self-governance. Passive resistance should be rooted in truth and nonviolence; village-based, simple living is the ideal model for society.

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Conrad explores human fear, selfishness, and community dynamics under stress. The journey into Africa is a metaphor for the corrupt and savage heart of European imperialism, the civilizing mission brutalizes both colonized and colonizer.

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Charles Dickens writes to expose the harsh realities of industrial society. Showing the divisions between the rich and the poor. He gives the poor a voice, showing society's failure to recognize their humanity. Like Gandhi, Dickens believed in moral reform and that true improvement must come from compassion. In opposite, Kipling says that the rich have an obligation to build empires. Dickens would refute this stance completely, those in power should use the power that they have justly.

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Put yourself in the shoes of a European or non-European. How would you react or think? Would you integrate the ideas of Mahatma Gandhi about peace? What stories would you write from their perspectives? What stories would you read?

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Jane Brontë explored individual dignity, no matter the class or gender. Her main character in Jane Eyre values her worth as a person, exemplifying the struggle of colonized people being perceived as human, which echoes the words of Conrad. There was a sense of otherness that surrounded the colonizers and forced the colonized to be disrespected and abused. Painting a picture of colonized people as dangerous and wild dehumanized them, making them seem like animals. In Brontë's book, she unknowingly highlighted Kipling's idea that non-Europeans are primitive and unstable.