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Mineral Name: Copper (Cu)

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It is absorbed in the body primarily in its cupric (Cu²⁺) and cuprous (Cu⁺) oxidation states.

It is often found bound to proteins like ceruloplasmin (an enzyme with copper) and copper-metallothionein in tissues.

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Iron metabolism (such as in ferroxidase enzymes).

Antioxidant defense (such as in superoxide dismutase, which helps protect cells from oxidative stress).

Collagen synthesis (important for skin, blood vessels, and bone formation).

Energy production (by aiding in the mitochondrial respiratory chain for ATP synthesis).

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Anemia (due to impaired iron metabolism).

Fatigue and weakness.

Neurodevelopmental issues (including ataxia and neuropathy).

Osteoporosis (due to impaired collagen formation).

Hypopigmentation (pale skin and hair) due to insufficient melanin synthesis.

Cardiovascular abnormalities like heart problems, as copper plays a role in maintaining blood vessels.

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Copper toxicity is rare but can occur in cases of over-supplementation or impaired copper metabolism (e.g., in Wilson’s disease, a genetic disorder leading to copper buildup).

Symptoms of toxicity include:

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Liver damage (especially in Wilson’s disease).

Kidney damage.

Neurological symptoms (e.g., tremors, mood changes, and in severe cases, coma).

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Absorption: Copper is absorbed in the small intestine and is dependent on dietary factors such as zinc and iron levels. High zinc intake, can interfere with copper absorption

copper is a natural antibacterial agent. When bacteria, fungi or viruses land on a copper surface, electrically charged ion particles inflict damage on a microbe’s cell membrane or its viral coat, which destroys the RNA or DNA inside an organism. This reaction prevents harmful microbe from mutating or developing a resistance against the antimicrobial properties of copper.

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Mineral Name: Zinc (Zn)

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-Cu

-known as Cuprum in Latin.

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-Zn

Spelter

By various names depending on compound form such as zinc gluconate, zinc acetate, zinc chloride etc.

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•Zinc ions (Zn²⁺)

•Zinc as a cofactor in enzymes

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•Enhances immune function.

•Important in DNA & Protein synthesis.

•Necessary for collagen synthesis and tissue repair which aid in wound healing

•Acts as a cofactor for enzymes like superoxide dismutase.

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•Nausea and vomiting: High doses may cause

gastrointestinal issues.

•Copper deficiency: Excess zinc interferes with copper

absorption.

•Neurological symptoms: Including headaches and

dizziness.

•Impaired immune function: Paradoxically, too much

zinc can weaken immunity.

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•Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA): Varies by age,

gender, and condition (e.g., pregnancy).

•Absorption Factors: Bioavailability can be affected by

phytates (in whole grains and legumes).

•Supplementation: Commonly used in cold treatments and immune support