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Oceane Mallevre
Post University
Concepts of Biology: BIO 120
Fran Romeo
December 15, 2022

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Author. ( 2021, February). What body systems interact with the reproductive system? https://short-facts.com/what-body-systems-interact-with-the-reproductive-system/

Harrison, R. J. ( n.d). Human reproductive system. https://www.britannica.com/science/menstrual-cycle

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Author ( 2021), said that the endocrine system secretes hormones that govern reproduction, such as testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen. The circulatory system carries hormones and nutrients to the growing fetus. The reproductive system's primary role is to ensure the survival of the species. Other systems in the body, such as the endocrine and urinary systems, operate constantly to preserve the individual's homeostasis.

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According to Harrison ( n.d), human reproductive system, the organ system that allows people to procreate and carry living children. The main elements of human reproduction are: the release of an ovum, or egg, at a precise period in the reproductive cycle, internal fertilization of the ovum by spermatozoa, or sperm cells, and transportation of the fertilized ovum to the uterus, or womb, implantation of the blastocyst, the early embryo developed from the fertilized ovum, in the uterine wall, formation of a placenta and maintenance of the unborn child throughout the gestational period,  birth of the child and expulsion of the placenta, and suckling and care of the child, with an eventual return of the maternal organs to nearly their original state.

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Hahn, S. & Giaglis, S. ( 2022). Immune interactions during the reproductive cycle. https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/2019/immune-interactions-during-the-reproductive-cycle

HealthDirect. ( n.d). Immune system. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/immune-system

Sanchez-Vizcaino. ( 2006). What are the main features of the immune system. http://apps.sanidadanimal.info/cursos/immunology/ca012.htm

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Hahn & Giaglis (2022) wrote that the interactions between the reproductive system and the immune system are particularly interesting because the reproductive system is unique in that its primary role is to ensure the species' continuity, whereas the immune system provides internal protection and thus facilitates continued health and survival. The mode of operation of these two morphologically diffuse systems includes widely dispersed chemical signals responding to environmental input, and both systems must interact for each to operate normally. Furthermore, disruptions in the normal physiological interactions of the reproductive and immune systems might result in serious pregnancy-related diseases or problems. Pregnancy, on the other hand, may give a unique insight into novel immune modulatory methods by alleviating auto-inflammatory disorders such as MS and RA.

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HealthDirect (n.d) defined the immune system as: protects the body against infection. It is a complicated network of cells, chemicals, tissues, and organs. An underactive or hyperactive immune system can be harmful to one's health.
The immune system's role is to keep the body safe from infection. It recognizes bacteria, viruses, and fungus, as well as aberrant cells. It launches an immunological response to assist the body in fighting the invasion.
When hazardous bacteria (small particles) enter and infiltrate the body, white blood cells are produced to combat the illness. They also 'recall' the attack.

Sanchez-Vizcaino ( 2006) said that the three main features of the immune system are:

1.- The ability to distinguish between internal and external components.

The immune system has an incredible ability to distinguish between its own and alien components, responding to anything that is strange to it (antigens). The immune system is capable of reacting to any molecule that differs from its own structure, no matter how little. It does not, however, respond to its own components.
2.- Immune system specificity is owing to the fact that antibodies and lymphocytes only detect one epitope or antigenic determinant. The immune system may identify thousands of millions of distinct antigens, yet each determinant will trigger a particular cell. There are as many lymphocytes activated as there are antigen determinants.
3. Memory.

When an antigen is first exposed, the immune system mounts a primary reaction, leaving one memory cell for each of the antigen's epitopes. The next time this antigen comes into contact with the immune system (secondary response), the memory cell is stimulated into synthesis of as many clones of specialized lymphocytes that may be needed against various epitopes. This is more efficient and effective than the initial answer.

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Brown, C. ( 2020, December). The nervous system: anatomical features and functions. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-nervous-system-anatomical-features-functions.html

Steinman, L. ( 2004, May). Elaborate interactions between the immune and nervous systems. https://www.nature.com/articles/ni1078

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According to Steinman (2004), the immune system and nervous system communicate extensively, with sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves 'hardwired' to lymphoid organs. Neurotransmitters influence immunological activity. Hormones that are neuroendocrine. The immune system influences brain activities, such as body temperature, sleep, and food habits. Neurobiologists and immunologists are investigating similar concepts such as the synapse to better explain shared qualities such as memory in these two systems.

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Brown ( 2020) explained that the nervous system coordinates and governs the operations of the body in order to maintain a stable internal environment, which is referred to as homeostasis. Coordinating physiological processes necessitates three critical steps:
Sensory information
Integration
Motor reaction
To begin, the nervous system monitors your body's surroundings. This encompasses both your outward surroundings (what you can see, hear, smell, or touch) and your interior environment (body temperature, blood pressure, internal feelings, and so on). Because sensory receptors register these external and internal events, these signals operate as sensory input, informing the brain and spinal cord about the state of our bodies. This is also how your body gets notified if there is a potential risk in your environment or an adverse divergence from equilibrium.
The sensory data obtained is processed and integrated in the brain and spinal cord as the following stage. If a specific reaction is required, motor commands are created.
Once commands are formed, they are sent to the body's muscles and glands, which are referred to as effector organs. These effector organs will respond as needed, helping the body to maintain homeostasis.

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References for the musculoskeletal system

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References for the musculoskeletal system

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Bailey, A. ( 2019, March). How are the muscular & nervous systems connected? https://healthfully.com/what-do-the-parts-of-the-brain-control-4722482.html

Boundless. ( 2022, June). Types of skeletal systems - functions of the musculoskeletal system. https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/38%3A_The_Musculoskeletal_System/38.01%3A_Types_of_Skeletal_Systems_-_Functions_of_the_Musculoskeletal_System

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Bailey (2019) said that the musculoskeletal and nervous systems collaborate to generate movement and maintain your organs functioning. To create body movement, the neurological system delivers information to the muscular system.

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According to Boundless ( 2022), the musculoskeletal system supports the body and allows humans (and many animal species) to move. The musculoskeletal system is made up of the body's bones (the skeletal system), muscles (the muscular system), cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Most significantly, the system gives the body shape, support, stability, and mobility. For example, the skeletal system's bones protect the body's internal organs and support the body's weight. The skeletal part of the system acts as the primary calcium and phosphorus storage repository. It also comprises important hematopoietic system components (blood cell production). The muscles of the muscular system hold bones in place; they also help bones move by contracting and tugging on them, allowing for actions as diverse as standing, walking, running, and gripping goods. Different bones are linked together by joints to facilitate movement. Bones are joined to other bones and muscle fibers within these joints by connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. Cartilage keeps the bone ends from scraping against one other. To move the bone linked at the joint, muscles contract (bunch up).

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Radhakrishnan, R. ( 2021, January). What are the main functions of the endocrine system? https://www.medicinenet.com/what_are_the_3_main_functions_of_the_endocrine_sys/article.htm

Vedantu. (n.d). How does the endocrine system work with the muscular system? https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/does-the-endocrine-system-work-with-the-muscular-class-11-biology-cbse-5ff556798c5a31517156a8bc

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Radhakrishnan (2021) said that the endocrine system is a network of endocrine glands found throughout the body. The endocrine system secretes chemical messengers known as hormones straight into the circulation. These hormones manage and regulate practically every biological function, including digestion of food into sugar, amino acids, and fatty acids, temperature regulation, weight maintenance, and cell proliferation.
Vedantu ( n.d) wrote that the endocrine and muscle systems collaborate to create contraction and relaxation events in the organism. In other circumstances, such as uterine muscular contraction during birth, hormone-induced muscle activity is particular.

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Author. ( 2019, November). How do the respiratory system and endocrine system work together? https://short-facts.com/how-do-the-respiratory-system-and-endocrine-system-work-together/

VisibleBody. ( n.d). Top 5 functions of the respiratory system: a look inside key respiratory activities. https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/respiratory/5-functions-of-respiratory-system

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Certain hormones, such as adrenaline, which is generated by the adrenal gland of the endocrine system, can promote respiratory activity by increasing the pace of diaphragm contraction and relaxation ( Author, 2019).

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According to VisibleBody (n.d), the three main features are:

The respiratory system, also known as pulmonary ventilation, facilitates in breathing. Air is breathed through the nasal and oral cavities during pulmonary breathing (the nose and mouth). It travels into the lungs via the mouth, larynx, and trachea. The air is then breathed, returning through the same passage. Pulmonary ventilation is triggered by changes in lung capacity and air pressure. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and the ribcage raises during normal inhaling. As the capacity of the lungs expands, air pressure falls and more air rushes in. Muscles relax with regular exhalation. The lungs contract, air pressure increases, and air is ejected.
External respiration is the process through which oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide waste inside the lungs. This breathing process is carried out by hundreds of millions of small sacs known as alveoli. Oxygen from breathed air diffuses into the pulmonary capillaries that surround the alveoli. It is circulated through the bloodstream after binding to hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide from deoxygenated blood diffuses into the alveoli and is released by expiration.
Another important function of the respiratory system is the delivery of oxygen to cells and the removal of waste carbon dioxide via internal respiration. Red blood cells transport oxygen received from the lungs around the body via the vasculature during this respiratory process. Red blood cells release oxygen when oxygenated blood enters the tiny capillaries. It diffuses into bodily tissues via capillary walls. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into red blood cells and plasma in the meanwhile. The carbon dioxide is carried back to the lungs by deoxygenated blood.

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BodyTommy. ( n.d). Circuatory system organs and their function. https://bodytomy.com/circulatory-system-organs#:~:text=Primarily%20speaking%2C%20there%20are%20three%20basic%20components%20of,3%20Blood%20Vessels%E2%80%95which%20transport%20blood%20throughout%20the%20body.
Markgraf, B. ( 2018, July). The respiratory & circulatory system in the human body. https://sciencing.com/respiratory-circulatory-system-human-body-6655803.html

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Markgraf (2018) said that the human respiratory and circulatory systems collaborate to provide oxygen to the body and remove waste carbon dioxide. While the former deals with air and the latter with blood, they operate in tandem to coordinate the operations of each system's various sections.

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BodyTommy (n.d) wrote that the circulatory system is a process that transports blood to various regions of the body. Circulation refers to the movement of blood inside the human body, and the organs that make up this mechanism are known as circulatory system organs.
The heart, blood, and blood arteries compose the human circulatory system, which aids in the transport of important nutrients and blood throughout the body. Every cell in the body requires a variety of nutrients such as carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and gases such as oxygen to operate. The circulatory system guarantees that these critical chemicals are gathered from the right places and distributed to every cell in the body.
The circulatory system is made up of three fundamental components:

Blood transports the necessary chemicals.
The Heart, which acts as a pump.
Blood vessels are the vessels that deliver blood throughout the body.
There are two circulatory divisions that work in tandem:

The pulmonary circulation takes blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated and then returns it to the heart. This procedure does not include the rest of the body.
The systemic circulation delivers blood from the heart to the rest of the body after it has been oxygenated by the pulmonary circuit, and it also takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart after it has been oxygenated by the pulmonary circuit.

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Brown, J. ( 2021, August). How does the digestive system interact with other systems? https://knowledgeburrow.com/how-does-the-digestive-system-interact-with-other-systems/#:~:text=How%20does%20the%20digestive%20system%20interact%20with%20other,you%20know%20how%20and%20where%20it%20gets%20out%29.

CRG Soft. ( n.d). Digestive system: top 10 characteristics, definition and features. https://crgsoft.com/10-characteristics-of-the-digestive-system/

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Brown ( 2021) said the Digestive System absorbs nutrients (good) from food and delivers them to the bloodstream, while the Circulatory System transports them to their destination. Filters waste from meals and transports it through the intestines and out of the body.

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CRG Soft ( n.d) wrote that the digestive system is a collection of organs that are designed to process food and whose goal is to degrade and change it into sustenance for the body's cells. The digestive system is divided into several sections. Each of them plays an important role in the transformation of food.
The digestive system's goal is to turn food into protein so that the body's cells can be nourished. However, the procedure may be divided into four steps:
Transport: receive the food.
Secretion: it breaks down food through gastric juices.
Absorption: transform into nutrients.
Excretion: those foods that do not serve as nutrition are eliminated from the body.

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