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The Great Fire on Liverpool Road (Aryan Srinivasan)

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The Great Fire on Liverpool Road (Aryan Srinivasan)

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On May 23 1866 a vicious fire enraged taking two manufacturing buildings on Liverpool road

The two buildings that were destroyed were Cotton warehouse 1 and Cotton warehouse 2 which ended up both being completely abolished

Superintendent Tozer was the first to notice and was the one who brought in fire brigades from the nearby area to help calm the blaze down

16 water jets were used in an attempt to extinguish the fire, but the Cotton warehouses ended up being completely in ruins after multiple attempts

The original 1830 warehouse on Liverpool road was saved as the fire did not spread there due to volunteers at the brigade who made a stand at the bridge connecting the buildings

Although the fire was enormous in size, nobody died and only a firemen named Henry Clarke died

The most beneficial outcome was the moving of 100+ pigs out of the buildings, saving all but one

In 1869 another warehouse was built to take the place of the destroyed warehouses, named the “Bonded Warehouse”

https://blog.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/liverpool-road-station-fire/ (Same website different source/reading)

The fire happened at 1 AM, so the streets were quiet

Building had highly flammable materials like oil and soap

By &:30, the fire was under control, although the buildings were lost

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Aryan Srivastava - Manchester’s Spinning Machine

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Aryan Srivastava - Manchester’s Spinning Machine

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1. The spinning machine was created by Sir Richard Arkwright and clockmaker John Kay in England, 1769.

2. It revolutionized the process of making cotton items.

3. The cotton fibers passed through four pairs of rollers.

4. The rollers were geared so that the cotton would spin through the slowest ones and then the fastest ones, which would make it thinner.

5. The cotton goes to the bobbin through the hooks on the flyer.

6. The flyers turns the cotton and the bobbin winds the thread on.

7. Drag causes a differential in speed of the bobbin and flyer, which causes it to thread the cotton.

8. You could only use the machine with hard and strong warps, and not wefts.

https://www.historycrunch.com/spinning-jenny-invention-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

1. Before the spinning machine, labor was required to obtain cotton.

2. This invention and others led to the factory system.

3. The invention increased the production ability of textile manufactures and was particularly important for cotton.

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Manchester’s hygiene situation - Chase Gochenour

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Manchester’s hygiene situation - Chase Gochenour

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Manchester’s population grew from a town of 60,000 in 1800 to 142,000 by 1842

Manchester’s unchecked growth led environmental conditions to rapidly degrade.

Manchester gained a reputation as one of the most filthy, overcrowded, and unhealthy places in Britain.

Death rates soared and life expectancies plummeted. In 1837, the life expectancy of the city’s inhabitants, putting the average age of death for the labouring population at just 17.

Diseases like typhoid and dysentery spread rapidly and the town was badly hit by outbreaks of cholera in 1832 and 1849.

In 1847, of the 47,000 houses in the town, only 11,000 had a piped water supply.

A further 12,000 homes relied on a shared tap or standpipe in the street, while thousands more drew their water from shallow wells or streams, which were often polluted.

https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/water-and-sanitation

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From this foul drain the greatest stream of human industry flows out to fertilize the whole world. From this filthy sewer pure gold flows. Here humanity attains its most complete development and its most brutish; here civilisation works its miracles, and civilised man is turned back almost into a savage.

Alexis de Tocqueville (1835)

When French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville visited Manchester in 1832, he witnessed first-hand the paradox of Manchester's economic expansion and environmental deterioration. By the early decades of the 19th century, Manchester was growing famous around the world for its booming textiles trade, which was rapidly transforming the town into an industrial powerhouse. Manchester's towering cotton mills and warehouses created a brand-new urban environment, and visitors flocked there to see a vision of the future.

Cotton factories on Union Street in Manchester's Ancoats, about 1830

However, with fame, Manchester's industrial transformation brought notoriety. As migrants arrived in their thousands to work in its burgeoning cotton mills, Manchester experienced a population explosion, growing from a town of 60,000 inhabitants in 1800 to 142,000 by 1842. Manchester's unplanned, unchecked growth led environmental conditions to rapidly degrade. This is a situation playing out in fast-growing cities around the world today, as urban migration continues to increase.

Manchester gained a reputation as one of the most filthy, overcrowded and unhealthy places in Britain. Death rates soared and life expectancies plummeted. In 1837, the Manchester Statistical Society published data on the life expectancy of the city's inhabitants, putting the average age of death for the labouring population at just 17.

Diseases like typhoid and dysentery spread rapidly and the town was badly hit by outbreaks of cholera in 1832 and 1849.

Compounding the problem of pollution from human waste, Manchester's manufacturing industries dumped gallons of contaminated water and tonnes of solid waste into the rivers. Some of the worst offenders were the town's textile dye-works, who themselves, ironically, relied on a plentiful source of pure water. Today, this problem reaches far beyond Manchester-textile dyeing is a major polluter of clean water globally.

Manufacturers argued that there was no other way to get rid of their waste products. They were stubbornly resistant to attempts to control river pollution, claiming restrictions would cause economic damage and put people out of work. Today, there is an equally uncomfortable relationship between the world's profit-driven, capitalist industries and the environmental campaigners calling for them to make radical adjustments to their activities in order to protect the planet.

The River Irwell, 1830. Many of the factories on either side discharged their industrial waste directly into the river

The build-up of waste in Manchester's rivers heightened the city's vulnerability to flooding. By the 1860s, the River Irwell was so polluted that the riverbed was rising at a rate of about three inches a year. A series of devastating floods, culminating in the Great Flood of 1872, when the rivers Irwell, Medlock and Irk all overflowed their banks, drew increasing attention to the environmental impact of river pollution.

Front page of a pamphlet published by the Manchester and Salford Sanitary Association in 1869.

Despite the obvious need for environmental reform, Manchester Corporation determined to keep public spending to a minimum, was slow to act. Many in local government held discriminatory views about Manchester's poor, blaming their 'immorality' for the situation they found themselves in.

However, protests by working people in the 1840s and 1850s forced local government to realise that they could not put off the provision of basic urban infrastructure for much longer. Pressure from Parliament following the landmark 1848 Public Health Act, championed by social reformer Sir Edwin Chadwick, also drove change in the second half of the 19th century.

Councillors were also compelled to act by local reformers in organisations like the Manchester and Salford Sanitary Association, set up in 1851, who lobbied Manchester Corporation to take responsibility for improving the urban environment.

They demanded universal indoor plumbing, along with a system of sewers that would divert waste away from Manchester's rivers to recycling farms.

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Slums and suburbs: water and sanitation in the first industrial city | Science and Industry Museum

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From this foul drain the greatest stream of human industry flows out to fertilize the whole world. From this filthy sewer pure gold flows. Here humanity attains its most complete development and its most brutish; here civilisation works its miracles, and civilised man is turned back almost into a savage.

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The Jacquard loom-Jeremiah Patten Block 1A

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The Jacquard loom-Jeremiah Patten Block 1A

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Created by a french weaver and merchant and was later patented in 1804

Named after and based off of the works of Jacques de Vaucanson

Made it possible for highly complex and deatailed patterns to be made cheaper and faster.

The loom ran on punch cards

Each punch card was created to make a certain design.

Once the cards were inserted the machines then controlled each thread resulting in the desired outcome.

The parts of the card that are not painted are then punched a hole into to indicate to the machine this has no paint.

It became VERY important as the textile and cotton industry began to boom. People saw it as an easier home method way.

The Jacquard loom in some ways can be held accountable for the creation of early computers

The punch card system would end up being very very similar to how a computing system would function.

EXTRA SOURCES:

Over time Manchester began to use more patented products by the creator of the Jacquard loom

The machines safety and automatic functions allowed for. Labor to be saved and used elsewhere

The same punch cards used in the loom were soon adopted by and English engineer who sought to make an engine using it.

Sources:
https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/jacquard-loom
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Marie-Jacquard

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The Jacquard loom ties together two of Manchester's most important historic industries: textile manufacturing and computing. Read on to find out how it both revolutionised the production of patterned cloth and also inspired the development of early computing.

A revolutionary invention

When Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French weaver and merchant, patented his invention in 1804, he revolutionised how patterned cloth could be woven. His Jacquard machine, which built on earlier developments by inventor Jacques de Vaucanson, made it possible for complex and detailed patterns to be manufactured by unskilled workers in a fraction of the time it took a master weaver and his assistant working manually.

The spread of Jacquard's invention caused the cost of fashionable, highly sought-after patterned cloth to plummet. It could now be mass produced, becoming affordable to a wide market of consumers, not only the wealthiest in society.

Punch cards weaving patterns

To weave fabric on a loom, a thread (called the weft) is passed over and under a set of threads (called the warp). It is this interlacing of threads at right angles to each other that forms cloth. The particular order in which the weft passes over and under the warp threads determines the pattern that is woven into the fabric.

Before the Jacquard system, a weaver's assistant (known as a draw boy) had to sit atop a loom and manually raise and lower its warp threads to create patterned cloth. This was a slow and laborious process.

The key to the success of Jacquard's invention was its use of interchangeable cards, upon which small holes were punched, which held instructions for weaving a pattern. This innovation effectively took over the time-consuming job of the draw boy.

When fed into the Jacquard mechanism (fitted to the top of the loom), the cards controlled which warp threads should be raised to allow the weft thread to pass under them. With these punch cards, Jacquard looms could quickly reproduce any pattern a designer could think up, and replicate it again and again.

Step by step: how a Jacquard loom works

Card maker using a machine to translate a pattern onto punch cards, c. 1950.

First, a designer paints their pattern onto squared paper. A card maker then translates the pattern row by row onto punch cards. For each square on the paper that has not been painted in, the card maker punches a hole in the card. For each painted square, no hole is punched.

The cards, each with their own combination of punched holes corresponding to the part of the pattern they represent, are then laced together, ready to be fed one by one through the Jacquard mechanism fitted at the top of the loom.

When a card is pushed towards a matrix of pins in the Jacquard mechanism, the pins pass through the punched holes, and hooks are activated to raise their warp threads. Where there are no holes the pins press against the card, stopping the corresponding hooks from raising their threads.

A shuttle then travels across the loom, carrying the weft thread under the warp threads that have been raised and over those that have not. This repeating process causes the loom to produce the patterned cloth that the punch cards have instructed it to create.

The Jacquard loom in Manchester

By the 1820s, Jacquard technology had spread to Britain, where it greatly boosted Lancashire's burgeoning textiles industry, allowing Manchester and its surrounding cotton towns to produce the woven patterned textiles people craved.

From 7,000 to 8,000 Jacquard looms are now in this country... The best English designs are those in cotton goods... The Jacquard machinery is applicable to everything which is figured or flowered... every species of tissue (woven fabric) to which a loom can be applied, even to straw hats, horsehair or wire...

Manchester Guardian (14 December 1836)

JACQUARD LOOMS IN THE SCIENCE MUSEUM GROUP COLLECTION

Inspiring early computing

Jacquard's invention transformed patterned cloth production, but it also represented a revolution in human-machine interaction in its use of binary code-either punched hole or no punched hole-to instruct a machine (the loom) to carry out an automated process (weaving).

The Jacquard loom is often considered a predecessor to modern computing because its interchangeable punch cards inspired the design of early computers.

The Analytical Engine weaves algebraic patterns, just as the Jacquard loom weaves flowers and leaves.

Suggestions for further research

Elliot, Francesca, Weaving numbers, Science and Industry Museum blog, 17 October 2017

Platt, Katherine, Ada Lovelace: Visionary of the computer age, Science Museum blog, 13 October 2015

How was it made? Jacquard weaving, Victoria and Albert Museum YouTube channel, 8 October 2015

Messrs. Barlow & Jones Ltd., Manchester and Bolton, The North West Film Archive on the BFI

Thinking machines: Stories from the history of computing, Science Museum website, 7 January 2019

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Programming patterns: the story of the Jacquard loom | Science and Industry Museum

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The Jacquard loom ties together two of Manchester's most important historic industries: textile manufacturing and computing. Read on to find out how it both revolutionised the production of patterned cloth and also inspired the development of early computing. When Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French weaver and merchant, patented his invention in 1804, he revolutionised how patterned cloth could be woven.

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City - Saanvi Tatti

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City - Saanvi Tatti

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- 500 smoking chimneys were in Manchester and more were created in the 1840’s

- Coal-burning boilers increased because engines got bigger and were in more mills

- Anti-pollution societies formed in the 1850’s

- Many efforts were made to decrease smoke in Manchester

- Gas-powered engines decreased smoke from coal

-1956 Clean Air Act creates smokeless zones

-Scientists realized that global warming was occurring in the 1890’s

Second link: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/may/29/manchester-report-climate-change

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Manchester's smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city - Anam Torabi

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Manchester's smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city - Anam Torabi

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- Manchester had a long and dark history including air pollution due to the fact that there were many engine powered mills
- There were dreadful living conditions but coal smoke was helping the industry
- Air pollution led to dark skies, dirty homes and clothes, and respiratory diseases
- In the 19th century coal was said to be the power for the increasing power in the industry
- The sign of the coal smoke was a symbol to everyone that they were successful in the industry
- People started to dislike the amount of coal being burnt because they started to realize that the air isn't clean
- The 1956 clean air act lead to the creation of smokeless skies, this led to citizens being able to breath clean air
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Outside source:
https://www.historycrunch.com/living-conditions-in-industrial-towns.html#/
- Numerous factories in the city caused the air quality to be horrible and unbearable
- Wealthy businessmen established  more factories and mines
- The air pollution was mainly from coal

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Niami Anand- Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution In the Industrial City

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Niami Anand- Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution In the Industrial City

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1. Manchester’s cotton industry filled Manchester’s atmosphere with sooty coal smoke
2. Due to the sooty air, it caused dark skies, everything was dirty, and it caused health problems like respiratory diseases and increased mortality.
3. The smoke in the sky became an indicator of success, because it meant more goods were being produced, so business was doing well.
4. The smoke and sooty air was due to the burning of coal, which is a fossil fuel.
5. The soot affected many things than just blackening buildings, it changed the color of snow to black and it led to the evolution of the pepper moth.
6. In 1956, the attitude towards pollution changed and they became aware of how bad it was, which is why the Clean Air Act was introduced which restricted the amount of coal burned.
7. The buildings that were blackened were famous globally and many claim that Manchester is the birthplace of the industrial revolution.
https://www.quadrigaltd.com/the-dark-days-of-manchesters-buildings/

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Riya Setya - Manchester’s Air Pollution In The Industrial City

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Riya Setya - Manchester’s Air Pollution In The Industrial City

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1. Industrialization in the 19th-century, Manchester had world-changing effects, but also polluted the city and caused massive health problems for its inhabitants
2. During the 19th-century Manchester, coal was established as the dominant source of energy for the powering industry
3.  Coughs, stinging eyes and perpetual gloom became part of the industrial Manchester
4. As the world’s first industrial city, Manchester has a long and difficult history of air pollution
5. Residents and workers suffered the consequences of living with air pollution from the industrial time, including dismal, darker skies, dirty homes and clothing, and respiratory disease and increased mortality
6. The urban air pollution was known as ‘the smoke nuisance.’
7. Despite causing these dreadful living conditions for Manchester’s residents and workers, coal’s smoke was associated with thriving industry

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-This water frame shown in the image created by Arkwright could produce large amounts of cotton.

-It was first known as the “spinning fram” asa it was spinning but was upgraded and changed to the “water frame”.

- The creation of the machine replaced the need for labor.

-The machine was very important as it produced cotton which was used to create clothes.

-The water frame made people work from inside their home to working inside giant mills.

- As a result of Arkwrights successful invention, was upgraded and replicated all around the world.

-Woolen shawls were also an invention created in the textile Industry.

-The woolen shawl was mostly worn by women to keep them warm like a blanket.

- Women would have to walk up and down from the mill so
they wore the shawl to be warm.

LINK: https://www.historycrunch.com/water-frame-invention-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

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A drawing of chimneys from factories releasing the burning of coal into the atmosphere.

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City by Nila Angappan

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance: Air Pollution in the Industrial City by Nila Angappan

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Burning of fossil fuels was the primary source of air-pollution during the 19th-century. Since coal was the main source of energy, it was commonly used around Manchester.

The pollution in the air caused people to experience many side effects such as coughing, perpetual gloom, and stinging eyes. Oxygen is an important living condition for humans; when it is tampered it can lead to health problems.

By burning coal, it made the air quality horrible for people to breath in. Due to this fossil fuel, buildings were found covered in dirt, stench, and smoke from chimneys.

The air pollution was known as “the smoke nuisance” because of its effects on Manchester. Some effects include darkened skies, filthy homes & clothes, and diseases.

An example of one popular industry that heavily relied on coal was the cotton industry. People used steam-powered cotton mills to create more textile products. However, these factories would pollute the air with coal.

The sign of smoke in the air was believed to represent economic success and technological progress for many people. Some groups include engineers, workers, and Victorian industrialists.

In 1842, the Manchester Association for Prevention of Smoke was created after anti-air pollution activists disliked “the smoke nuisance”. This group of people wanted to find solutions to solve this problem in the air they were breathing in.

Outside Source Info:

Valleys which were surrounded by hills caused the smoke to get trapped. Due to this geography, people died or suffered through diseases. To add on, those who lived near coal factories were also effected by other places’ pollution due to downwind.

One way coal effected peoples’ lives was how they grow. People who lived in polluted districts had a slower growth than those who didn’t live there. This caused them to stay at a shorter height when they are adults.

The Midlands of north England and in South Whales most likely had the worst effects on health due to having high coal intensities. This was found by combining coal consumption by industry and industrial composition of the workforce. By adding these two together, you were able to solve the amount of coal used in the each district.

Sources:

https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/air-pollution

https://theconversation.com/air-pollution-in-victorian-era-britain-its-effects-on-health-now-revealed-87208

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The Locomotive Known as Rocket -Rohan Desai

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The Locomotive Known as Rocket -Rohan Desai

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- Rocket was a prototype designed by Robert Stephenson (1803-1859). Robert Stephenson developed many other things in his life that would improve the Rocket
- Rocket was sold to new coal mining companies because they were eager to test out the new railway
- Liverpool was hosting a competitive trial to see what was the best locomotive for the years to come, and every time Robert went to it, he would improve on his design
- Robert came up with a game changing idea to have an increased heating area to allow Rocket to have much more speed and able to sustain for long periods of time
- Robert thought that has a hazard the train could catch on fire so he started working a “separate fire box”
- No.19 prototype was tested on and after completion he was able to test the locomotive, seeing gauges and the steam produced
- He made modifications to it because he saw fit to partly dismantle the locomotive
- The speed it had was amazing and Rocket had to be improved upon because of its old technology it had
https://www.american-rails.com/stephensons.html (Outside source)

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance || Presented by: Savya Patel

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Manchester’s Smoke Nuisance || Presented by: Savya Patel

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1. The practice of burning fossil fuels was an energy source and the primary source of air-polluting emissions.

2. Coal was first established as the dominant source of energy for powering industry in 19th-century Manchester.

3. Due to industrialization in Manchester, coughing, stinging eyes, and gloom were all symptoms of living there. Usually, visitors of the city were shocked and disgusted by all the dirt, smoke, and debris, not to mention the hideous stench that plagued the city.

4. At the peak of the cotton industry, cotton mills were driven by steam engines powered by coal. This filled the air with noxious, sooty coal smoke.

5. Residents and workers experienced many difficulties with living with industrial air polution, such as dark skies, dirty homes, dirty clothes, and respiratory diseases.

6. The urban air pollution lingering in Manchester was known as “the smoke nuisance.”

7. First ever steam-powered cotton mill was built in Shudehill, Manchester in 1782 by Richard Arkwright.

8. By the mid-1840s, there were about 500 smoking industrial chimneys in Manchester and the number was constantly increasing.

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Outside Source:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/may/29/manchester-report-climate-change

1. While Manchester was a consumer, Lancashire was a producer for coal. The city’s demand for coal was the main reason that the city started the construction of the world’s first modern canal, called the Bridgewater Canal.

2. Coal was the fuel that burned in the fireboxes of new railway engines. Coal consumption in Manchester was measured in millions of tons.

3. Manchester was the terminus of the line that carries cotton both to and from docks located in Liverpool.

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Industrialisation in 19th-century Manchester had world-changing effects, but it also polluted the city and caused massive health problems for its inhabitants. Can the environmental challenges and solutions of the first industrial city offer insight into the air pollution dilemmas confronting us as we face the current climate crisis?

Approaching a dark, dirty city

The primary source of air-polluting emissions is the practice of burning fossil fuels as an energy source. It was in 19th-century Manchester that coal was established as the dominant source of energy for powering industry. Although people at the time didn't understand the long-term climate consequences of burning fossil fuels, contemporary observers very quickly noticed the dreadful immediate effect of poor air quality on human health.

One receives one's first intimation of [Manchester's] existence from the lurid gloom of the atmosphere that overhangs it. There is a murky blot in one section of the sky, however clear the weather, which broadens and heightens as we approach. And now the innumerable chimneys come in view, tall and dim in the dun haze, each bearing atop its own pennon of darkness.

Hugh Miller, First Impressions of England and its People (1847)

Coughs, stinging eyes and perpetual gloom became synonymous with industrial Manchester. Visitors to the 'shock city' of the industrial revolution were appalled by the smoke, dirt and stench produced by Manchester's distinctive forest of chimneys.

As the world's first industrial city, Manchester has a long and difficult history of urban air pollution. At the peak of Manchester's cotton industry, coal-powered steam engines drove the city's towering cotton mills, filling the air with noxious, sooty coal smoke. Residents and workers suffered the consequences of living with industrial air pollution, including dismal, dark skies, dirty homes and clothes, and respiratory disease and increased mortality. This urban air pollution was known at the time as 'the smoke nuisance.'

A view of Manchester in 1870, when a dense forest of smoking chimneys dominated the skyline.

The first ever steam-powered cotton mill was built at Shudehill in Manchester in 1782 by Richard Arkwright. Following his example, mill-owners rushed to build engine-powered mills among Manchester's growing urban sprawl, where there was a ready supply of workers and a thriving marketplace for textile products.

By the mid-1840s, there were about 500 smoking industrial chimneys on Manchester's skyline, and the number was constantly increasing. Despite causing dreadful living conditions for Manchester's residents and workers, coal smoke was associated with thriving industry. For Victorian industrialists, smoke became a signifier of economic success and technological progress. And it wasn't just the wealthy industrialists who made this association-for factory workers, engineers, technicians and their families, smoking chimneys meant jobs.

It is certainly a great improvement, for we have been much annoyed by Smoke, we could not do without engines, but the Smoke they raised has been a great nuisance...

Unattributed, Excerpt from the etching 'Smoke consuming at Ancoats, Manchester in 1820'

Improving engines, worsening pollution

Manchester's mill owners clamoured for more technologically advanced engines to power their business and increase their profits. Clever enhancements made it possible for engines to produce more power per ton of coal burned.

As engines got bigger and were installed in more mills, the number of coal-burning boilers increased too, and more and more smoking chimneys sprouted up across the city. By the end of the 19th century there were almost 2000 industrial chimneys polluting the air of Manchester and Salford.

Every wreath of smoke that curls up a chimney is so much wasted fuel.

Charles Dickens, 'Smoke or No Smoke', Household Words (1854)

Cleaner air at last

Dedicated campaigners fought to reduce Manchester's smoke problem, from the formation of Manchester Association for the Prevention of Smoke in 1842 through to the turn of the 20th century. While coal was the primary fossil fuel used in industry, the 'smoke nuisance' continued relatively unabated, with neither technological solutions nor legislative control making a significant impact. The dire effects of industrial smoke were generally accepted as a necessary part of urban life, and a fair price to pay for economic success.

Manchester continued to have some of the most polluted air in the country until the 1956 Clean Air Act finally led to the creation of smokeless zones, and for the first time in over 100 years, the city's residents were able to breathe cleaner air.

This 1963 photo of Manchester City Art Gallery shows how blackened buildings were after a century of smoke-polluted air

Climate consequences

The long-term effects on the climate were not part of the initial conversation about industrial Manchester's unpleasant and dangerous smoke problem. Efforts to limit coal smoke emissions were focused on air pollution and the localised consequences for human health and the physical environment.

However, as early as 1835, mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage observed that by burning coal, industrialists were releasing vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere without an understanding of the long-term consequences.

The chemical changes which thus take place are constantly increasing the atmosphere by large quantities of carbonic acid [carbon dioxide] and other gases noxious to animal life. The means by which nature decomposes these elements, or reconverts them into a solid form, are not sufficiently known.

Charles Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1835)

Scientists started to theorise at the end of the 19th century that the carbon dioxide emitted when humans burn coal could create a greenhouse effect and increase global temperature. There is now a global scientific consensus that burning fossil fuels causes climate change.

Today most polluting industry has moved out of Manchester and often out of the UK altogether, to other fast-growing cities where labour is cheap and environmental protections often weak.

Nowadays, the main cause of harmful air pollution in Manchester is emissions from road traffic. There is great pressure to reduce the toxic pollutants in the air of our cities, with the government introducing more ' Clean Air Zones' encouraging us to drive less. One of the key ideas laid out in the Greater Manchester Clean Air Plan is for Manchester to become the first city region in the UK to have a fully joined up cycling and walking network; the most comprehensive in Britain, covering 1,800 miles.

As the first industrial city, Manchester was the first to experience the air pollution caused by increased industrial emissions, and as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, Britain holds responsibility for a large amount of historic carbon emissions. In July 2019, Manchester City Council was one of the first in the UK to declare a climate crisis with the intention of assuming a leadership role in taking concrete action to reduce carbon emissions.

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Manchester's smoke nuisance: air pollution in the industrial city | Science and Industry Museum

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Industrialisation in 19th-century Manchester had world-changing effects, but it also polluted the city and caused massive health problems for its inhabitants. Can the environmental challenges and solutions of the first industrial city offer insight into the air pollution dilemmas confronting us as we face the current climate crisis?

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By:Advait Sateesh

-The water frame was made by Arkwright. It could produce large amounts of cotton allowing for the expanse of the textile industry.
-the water frame also changed how people worked, instead of working from home people worked in large mills.
-The spinning mule was another invention that revolutionized the textile industry.
-the spinning mule spun much stronger better quality cotton yarn then any machine before it.
-cannals where important in the movement of resources around England.
-The first cotton mills appeared in 1776
-The textile industry began from cotton that shipped from India. Cotton became big in England causing entrepreneurs to start to invent new ways to produce cotton faster and better.

Links:
https://www.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk/whats-on/textiles-gallery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonopolis

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Recordings

Friedrich Engels' description of the dusty atmosphere inside Manchester's cotton mills from The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845):
Listen to the audio (36s)
Transcript

"In many rooms of the cotton mill, the air is filled with fibrous dust, which produces chest affections, especially amongst workers in the carding and combing rooms. Some constitutions can bear it, some cannot, but the operative has no choice. He must take the room in which he finds work, whether his chest is sound or not. The most common effects of this breathing of dust are blood-spitting, hard, noisy breathing, pains in the chest, coughs, sleeplessness..."

Description of a hot spinning room and its thirsty workers by Samuel Hird, child mill worker in the 1890s:
Listen to the audio (25s)
Transcript

"...The little piecers had their opportunity for a rest when they were sent down for water. In those hot spinning rooms, apart from whatever cold tea might be left over from breakfast, cold water was the most refreshing and delightful drink. To the thirsty occupant of a hot spinning room, sweating profusely, clear, cold water was just wonderful, and the piecers went out with all the jugs and cans they could find. Those long drinks of cold water were the most delicious drinks that I have ever had..."

Courtesy of the University of Manchester Library

Marjory Shaw, mill worker in Oldham in the 1940s, remembers the deafening noise of a weaving shed:
Listen to the audio (24s)
Transcript

"...It was very noisy. But I knew that. Ahh, I knew it was noisy, but all the family had gone weaving, so I thought, well, it's in the blood. Foolish, you know. Very foolish, but there it is. And, ah, it didn't bother me. Cause everybody was talking with yer lips, you know, lip reading, and you could have a conversation and nobody would know what you were talking, only you who were eye to eye..."

Courtesy of Greater Manchester Sound Archive, Archives+, Manchester Central Library

Description of a mill accident by Samuel Hird, child mill worker and later factory inspector from 1908 to 1941:
Listen to the audio (24s)
Transcript

"...A machine stopped meant a loss of production, and a gaffer or manager saw money running away. So machines were not stopped even for cleaning moving parts, if it was at all possible to reach the parts whilst running. I still see a youth I knew well coming along the room with blood dripping from his fingers in great red blots on the floor. He had been cleaning the headstock. His cleaning rag had got stuck in the roller gear wheels and dragged his fingers in too..."

Courtesy of the University of Manchester Library

Journalist Angus Bethune Reach's description of Union Street in Ancoats, from Manchester and the Textile Districts in 1848:
Listen to the audio (41s)
Transcript

"...Union Street is a locality which merits a word or two of special description. A more perfectly ugly spot you shall not find between sunrise and sunset. Fancy a street, one side of which is all mills, huge square piles of mills, with six, seven and eight tiers of foul and blackened windows, the grimiest, sootiest, filthiest lumps of masonry in all Manchester. Through this thick, sunless air, comes the throb and the boom of many steam engines and the clattering whirl of hundreds of thousands of revolving pirns and bobbins..."

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Textiles Gallery | Science and Industry Museum

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Friedrich Engels' description of the dusty atmosphere inside Manchester's cotton mills from The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845): Listen to the audio (36s) Transcript "In many rooms of the cotton mill, the air is filled with fibrous dust, which produces chest affections, especially amongst workers in the carding and combing rooms. Some constitutions can bear it, some cannot, but the operative has no choice.

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Manchester in the Industrial Revolution 

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MANCHESTER’S SMOKE NUISANCE: AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY By: Eliana Padron

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MANCHESTER’S SMOKE NUISANCE: AIR POLLUTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL CITY By: Eliana Padron

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The industrialization of Manchester polluted the city, causing major health problems for the people in it

In 19th century Manchester people were burning coal and other fossil fuels

People at the time did were not aware of the climate problems burning fossil fuels would bring

People in Manchester would be coughing and their eyes would sting from the air pollution

There was smoke, dirt, and bad smells made by Manchester’s chimneys

Coal powered steam engines caused the air to be filled with sooty coal smoke

The air pollution caused there to be dark skies, dirty homes, dirty clothes, and respiratory diseases

The air pollution in Manchester was known as ‘the smoke nuisance’

The town had a demand for coal which was the cause for the building of the world’s first modern canal

It was called the Bridgewater Canal

A Scottish scientist named Robert Angus Smith was an expert on atmospheric pollution and came to Manchester in the early 1840s

Outside Source: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/may/29/manchester-report-climate-change

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Avro employees working on an experimental triplane, about 1910.

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Aviation in Manchester: How the city took to the skies

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Aviation in Manchester: How the city took to the skies

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1. The Age of Aviation became more popularized and expanded during the 20th century.

2. The first airplanes were manufactured with wood, paper, and bicycle parts.

3. The first all British airplane was built and flown in 1909 by Alliot Verdon Roe.

4. The ideas for innovating aircraft came from how it could be beneficial in war, as the Age of Aviation was during World War I.

5. As time went by, new designs and innovations completely changed the aspect of aircrafts, from aerodynamic effects to the material the aircrafts were made in, previously made of wood, now metal.

6. The development of radars in aircrafts to help the plane navigate in dark areas were developed in Manchester.

7. The Telecommunications Research Establishment was a research and development organisation established during World War II to develop new technology to help aircraft navigate and detect enemy targets. This was also developed in Manchester.

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Perkin’s Notebook containing his new discovery 

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William Henry Perkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye By: Klara Hinen 

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William Henry Perkin and the World’s First Synthetic Dye By: Klara Hinen 

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1. In 1856, 18 year old Perkin was given a task to complete by the Royal College of Chemistry.

2. Hofmann, the man whom Perkin gave assist to, was trying to develop a treatment for malaria in the form of quinine.

3. Perkin had the task to experiment with a substance known as aniline.

4. Aniline is a colorless, aromatic oil that come from coal tar.

5. Working in a lab at home, Perkin had to oxidize aniline using potassium dichromate.

6. The oxidisation resulted in a black precipitate, that dyed silk the color purple.

7. His findings were recorded in a notebook which is held by a museum from the City of London School.

8. Perkin decided on calling the color mauve and the synthetic dye was called mauveine.

9. The dyeing industry benefitted from this discovery and made Perkin a lot of money.

10. The use of coal tar also increased in several industries and the development of perfume.

Outside Source: https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/william-henry-perkin

1. At the age of 36, Perkin sold his business so that he can spend the rest of his life doing research.

2. In 1857, he opened his factory at Greenford Green.

3. In 1906, the Society of the Chemical Industry created a Perkin Award in honor of his discovery of mauveine.

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A bottle containing the synthetic dye mauveine

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The Worlds First Synthetic Dye By William Henry Perkin, By Varshitha Kondapalli

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The Worlds First Synthetic Dye By William Henry Perkin, By Varshitha Kondapalli

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- Perkin had been working on task set by the head of the Royal College of Chemistry, August Wilhelm Von Hofmann. He was only 18 years old when doing this and he was also already working for 2 years as Hofmann’s researching assistant.

- They were trying to make a synthetic form of quinine which was something used for the treatment of malaria.

- Perkin’s task was to study and do experiments with aniline, and he had realized that when he oxidized aniline using potassium it created a black precipitate, and when the color was removed it left silk dyed purple.

- He had named the color mauve and called the synthetic dye mauveine, and fingerprints of these colors are found on his laboratory notebook.

- This discovery helped establish the things in the chemical industry.

- The use of this coal tar, had made it less of just a waste product and into something more useful and used.

- Perkin’s had also developed a way in producing this dye by varying the components needed to make it.

Outside Source:

- This dye was found accidentally from doing a experiment

- Natural dyes were available, but hard to make as they came from natural ingredients which took a very long time to fully process and make the dyes and faded quite quickly, but the dyes made by Perkin were more permanent and less expensive.

- A while later Perkin’s had patented the dye and opened up a shop for dyeing fabrics, and even Queen Victoria was wearing clothes dyed by this color.

https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/3/12/17109258/sir-william-henry-perkin-google-doodle-birthday-180-mauveine-purple-dye

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Original spinning machine, Sir Richard Arkwright and John Kay, England, 1769.

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Textile Industry of Industrial Manchester By Dominick Duarte

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Textile Industry of Industrial Manchester By Dominick Duarte

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-This Water frame was invented by Sir Arkwright and John Kay, it was used to make fabrics.
-The rollers are geared so that cotton fibers passed through the slowest first and then the faster ones after, this makes the fibers are thin
-It could only be used for spinning the hard and strong warps, not wefts
-This invention kickstarts the industrial revolution
-these machines could not be operated by hand and needed to be driven by water wheels.
-The invention of Arkwright's water frame allowed  manufacturers to produce high-quality and stronger threads and yarns than ever before.
-This invention makes Britain one of the most powerful nations in the world

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/richard-arkwright-and-his-wonderful-machine-the-water-frame

https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co44892/model-of-a-power-loom-for-plain-weaving-loom-model-representation

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John Dalton: Atoms, Eyesight and Auroras - Vihar Uppalapati

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John Dalton: Atoms, Eyesight and Auroras - Vihar Uppalapati

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1. John Dalton was born in Cumbria in 1766.

2. Dalton developed the Law of Partial Pressures in 1801.

3. Dalton also developed the law of thermal expansion of gases.

4. John Dalton gave atoms of the same element the same atomic weight. He assigned atomic weights to 20 different elements.

5. Dalton used models to show the 3D structure of molecules.

6. Dalton was red-green colorblind and he also made a theory to explain color blindness.

7. Dalton died on July 27, 1844.

Outside Source Information
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Dalton

1. In 1793, Dalton moved to Manchester to teach math at the New College.

2. In 1817, Dalton was elected president of the Literary and Philosophical Society.

3. After Dalton’s atomic theory, the study of chemistry spread more information and was also much quicker.

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John Dalton (born September 5 or 6, 1766, Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England-died July 27, 1844, Manchester) English meteorologist and chemist, a pioneer in the development of modern atomic theory.

Early life and education

Dalton was born into a Quaker family of tradesmen; his grandfather Jonathan Dalton was a shoemaker, and his father, Joseph, was a weaver. Joseph married Deborah Greenup in 1755, herself from a prosperous local Quaker family. Dalton was the youngest of their three offspring who survived to adulthood. He attended John Fletcher's Quaker grammar school in Eaglesfield. When John was only 12 years old, Fletcher turned the school over to John's older brother, Jonathan, who called upon the younger Dalton to assist him with teaching. Two years later the brothers purchased a school in Kendal, where they taught approximately 60 students, some of them boarders.

As a teacher, Dalton drew upon the experiences of two important mentors: Elihu Robinson, a Quaker gentleman of some means and scientific tastes in Eaglesfield, and John Gough, a mathematical and classical scholar in Kendal. From these men John acquired the rudiments of mathematics, Greek, and Latin. Robinson and Gough were also amateur meteorologists in the Lake District, and from them Dalton gained practical knowledge in the construction and use of meteorologic instruments as well as instruction in keeping daily weather records. Dalton retained an avid interest in meteorologic measurement for the rest of his life.

Early scientific career

In 1793 Dalton moved to Manchester to teach mathematics at a dissenting academy, the New College. He took with him the proof sheets of his first book, a collection of essays on meteorologic topics based on his own observations together with those of his friends John Gough and Peter Crosthwaite. This work, Meteorological Observations and Essays, was published in 1793. It created little stir at first but contained original ideas that, together with Dalton's more developed articles, marked the transition of meteorology from a topic of general folklore to a serious scientific pursuit.

Born and reared in England's mountainous Lake District, Dalton was well placed to observe various meteorologic phenomena. He upheld the view, against contemporary opinion, that the atmosphere was a physical mixture of approximately 80 percent nitrogen and 20 percent oxygen rather than being a specific compound of elements. He measured the capacity of the air to absorb water vapour and the variation of its partial pressure with temperature. He defined partial pressure in terms of a physical law whereby every constituent in a mixture of gases exerted the same pressure it would have if it had been the only gas present. One of Dalton's contemporaries, the British scientist John Frederic Daniell, later hailed him as the "father of meteorology."

Soon after his arrival at Manchester, Dalton was elected a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. His first contribution to this society was a description of the defect he had discovered in his own and his brother's vision. This paper was the first publication on colour blindness, which for some time thereafter was known as Daltonism.

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John Dalton | Biography, Discoveries, Atomic Model, & Facts

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John Dalton, English meteorologist and chemist, a pioneer in the development of modern atomic theory. His theory was notable for, among other things, positing that each element had its own kind of atom and that atoms of various elements vary in size and mass. Learn more about Dalton in this article.

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Arkwright’s Prototype Spinning Machine by Ansh Gairola

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Arkwright’s Prototype Spinning Machine by Ansh Gairola

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1. Created in England, 1769
2. Made with the help of a clockmaker named John Kay
3. Used to spin cotton fibers together
4. Worked by spinning the cotton fibers through 4 pairs of rollers, which rotated to twist the thread into yarn and tied into bobbins
5. Initially designed to be driven by horsepower
6. Was changed into being powered by water in 1775
7. Revolutionized the production of yarn and led to rapid mechanization throughout England.

Second link: https://www.diomedia.com/stock-photo-arkwright-s-prototype-spinning-machine-1769-image5521568.html

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Discover how Richard Arkwright kick-started a transformation in the textiles industry and created a vision of the machine-powered, factory-based future of manufacturing.

Since the early 18th century, manufacturers had been looking for inventive ways to meet the ever-growing demand for cotton cloth and yarn. Finally, in 1767, a breakthrough came when a Lancashire entrepreneur, Richard Arkwright (1732-92), devised a simple but remarkable spinning machine. Replacing the work of human hands, the water frame made it possible to spin cotton yarn more quickly and in greater quantities than ever before.

Craze for cotton

Cotton cloth has been made around the world for thousands of years. Merchants first brought it to Britain from India around 500 years ago. It was lighter, brighter and could be washed and dried more easily than the heavy, woollen fabrics that people in Britain were used to. It was also a valuable trading commodity, with merchants exchanging cloth for goods across the world.

The craze for cotton drove entrepreneurial makers in Britain to search for ways to meet the rising demand. Some began experimenting with the development of spinning machines, which they hoped would speed up the production of cotton yarn by taking over the slow work done by human hands using spinning wheels.

The ingenious design of the water frame meant the machines could be operated by unskilled workers. As long as they kept them fed with cotton, pieced up any breakages in the yarn and changed full bobbins for empty ones, the water frames could churn out huge quantities of strong and even yarn, which weavers needed to produce cotton cloth.

Arkwright had turned a mechanical principle into a consistently productive, industrial machine.

Richard Arkwright's mill in Cromford, Derbyshire, by Joseph Wright of Derby, around 1795

The Cromford mill expanded rapidly and Arkwright built further mills across Derbyshire and Lancashire. He continued to innovate-for example, his Manchester mill on Miller Street was the first spinning mill to make use of steam power.

Arkwright also made connections in Scotland, expanding his spinning operations north of the border. He amassed a huge fortune from his cotton spinning empire by selling the yarn produced in his mills and licensing his machinery to other manufacturers.

The profits arising from the machinery of Sir Richard Arkwright were so considerable, that it frequently happened... that the machinery was employed for the whole four-and-twenty hours.

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Richard Arkwright: Father of the factory system | Science and Industry Museum

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Discover how Richard Arkwright kick-started a machine-powered, factory-based transformation in the textiles industry.

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Textile Industry in Manchester by Nick Cavallo

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Textile Industry in Manchester by Nick Cavallo

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1. Arkwright water frame was made in 1775 and used at Arkwright Mills at Matlock Bath

2. Arkwright Water frame is one of the earliest surviving production example of a machine that caused a transformation in cotton spinning

3. The Spinning Mule was made by the Platt Brothers and Co. Ltd. Oldham, 1927.

4. The Spinning Mule spun stronger and better yarn in bigger quantities then ever before.

5. Canals were used and were essential to distribute coal around Manchester and the rest of the UK.

6. English Colton mills first appeared in 1776

7. By 1816 there were 86 cotton mills throughout the city

https://sites.google.com/a/wisc.edu/ils202fall11/home/student-wikis/group6

https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/search/categories/textile-industry

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Textile Industry | Science Museum Group Collection

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In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Lancashire was the country's foremost textiles manufacturing centre. Discover objects revealing the key mechanical processes of cloth manufacturing as well as technological advancements in the field.