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Cancer epigenetics refers to epigenetic changes that occur in cancer cells and contribute to cancer development and progression. Epigenetic changes can affect the expression of genes that control cell division, differentiation and apoptosis, and may contribute to the acquisition of malignant characteristics of cancer cells, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and the ability to invade and metastasize.

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Epigenetics is governed by several key principles that help explain how changes in gene activity can be inherited and how exposure to environmental factors can influence gene expression. Some of the principles of epigenetics are described below:

Epigenetic changes can be inherited: epigenetic changes can be transmitted from cell to cell during development, and can also be inherited from generation to generation. This is because epigenetic changes can alter the way DNA is packaged in the cell and thus affect the accessibility of transcription factors and gene expression.

Epigenetic changes can be influenced by environmental factors: Exposure to environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, exposure to toxins and physical activity can influence epigenetic changes. For example, malnutrition during pregnancy can lead to epigenetic changes that increase the risk of chronic diseases in offspring.

Epigenetic changes may be reversible: Some epigenetic changes are reversible, meaning that it is possible to alter gene activity through changes in the environment or through the use of specific drugs. For example, DNA methylation can be reversible by the action of enzymes that remove methyl groups.

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There are several types of epigenetic modifications, but the best known and most studied are:

DNA methylation: methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to DNA bases. This modification can silence gene expression by making it difficult for gene regulatory proteins to access the DNA.

Histone modifications: Histones are proteins that help package and organize DNA in the cell. Histone modifications include the addition or removal of chemical groups on histone tails, which can affect the way DNA is packaged and thus gene expression.

Non-coding RNA (ncRNA): ncRNAs are RNA molecules that do not encode proteins, but can interact with DNA or histones and regulate gene expression.

Modification of the three-dimensional structure of DNA: DNA is not in a straight line, but folds and forms three-dimensional structures that can affect the accessibility of transcription factors and gene expression.

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Epigenetic changes can occur at any time in life, from conception to death.

Epigenetic changes can be influenced by environmental factors such as nutrition, stress, exposure to toxins and physical activity.

Epigenetic changes can be reversible, which means that it is possible to alter gene activity through changes in the environment or through the use of specific drugs.

Epigenetics is important in embryonic and fetal development, as well as in cell differentiation and regulation of gene expression.

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Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene function that are heritable and cannot be attributed to alterations in the DNA sequence.