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A socket is a communications endpoint that you can name and address in a network. Sockets allow you to exchange information between processed on the same computer or across a network, distribute processes to the most efficient machine and allow access to centralized data.

For example, if application 1  wants to interact application 2, they will do it via network sockets. These would be: IP1:Port1 and IP2:Port2.

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A port is a virtual point where network connections start and end. Ports are software-based and managed by a computer's operating system. Each port is associated with a specific process or service. Ports allow computers to easily differentiate between different kinds of traffic: emails go to a different port than webpages, for instance, even though both reach a computer over the same Internet connection.

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Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring used in communications where two conductors of a same circuit are twisted together. This allows the cable to prevent electrical noise going into or coming from the cable and minimize crosstalk. It is the cheapest type of cable available for networking mainly because it is easy to handle and install.

There are two types of twisted pair, shielded twisted pair (STP) and unshielded twisted pair (UTP). The difference is that STP has the individual pairs of wires wrapped twice compared to UTP which has each of the pair of wires twisted together. This means that STP cables greatly reduce crosstalk however they cost more than UTP cables.

The idea for twisted pair cables is that the currents induced in each of the two wires are very nearly equal. The wires being twisted ensures that the two wires are mostly the same distance from the interfering source and are affected equally. The noise caused by this produces a signal which can be cancelled at the receiver so this greatly ensures that background noise is reduced.

The first use of twisted pair cables were in analog telephones, today they are mostly used by ethernet cables for networking. Ethernet is the most common wire found in most LANs, WANs and MANs due to its high speed. For example, the most common ethernet speeds are 100Mbps, 1000Mbps and 10Gbps.

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A fibre optic cable is a cable in which information is transferred by pulses of light. The cable is able to do this because of a phenomenon called total internal reflection (TIR). Total internal reflection is when a wave is reflected back into the same medium therefore the light does not leave the cable and will travel to the end.

By using light instead of a conventional copper wire, a lot more data can be sent at a much quicker speed. They can reach speeds of 400Gbit/s and even 1.94Pbit/s with a photonic chip compared to a conventional cable which usually maxes out at 10Gbit/s.

Fibre optics are most commonly used in long distance and fast communications. For example, fibre optic cables are layed under most of the worlds oceans allowing the internet to be connected globally and ultra fast speeds. They are also sometimes used in short distance device connections like connecting computers in server farms together and can also stream uncompressed digital audio over TOSLINK cables which their connections can be found on most modern tvs.

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The coaxial cable, or coax is a type of transmission cable used to carry high frequency electrical signals with low signal losses.

The cable is usually composed of a copper core which is insulated then wrapped with a copper shield which is then wrapped in a plastic sheath.

It is most commonly used in telephone lines, broadband internet and cable television signals. It is a cost effective way of transmitting data with minimal signal loss and has a decent transmission rate which usually maxes out at about 10Gbit/s.

The problem with these cables is that they can be easily damaged during installation and use which can severely impact its performance. For example, the cables are not waterproof so there could be a leak where the cable is installed which could damage it if it is not correctly installed with additional waterproofing.

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A network that covers a  large geographical area is called a WAN

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A WAN can use national telephone structures or wireless transmission to share data and communicate between different LANS. this is very useful as it allows for collaboration over large distances

WANS are often used by businesses and originations that use multiple different offices or stores like banks will tend to use WANs

One of the advantages of WANS are that thy are spread over a large geographical area this means that people can collaborate from any place within the WANS range for example a whole country.

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To create a WAN we need to understand the hardware that is required. So what is the required hardware well some of the needed hardware is
- A Router = a router is a device used to connected and mange traffic between two or more networkers it does this by forwarding packets to there intended IP address. it allows allows multiple devices to use the same Internet connection at the same time.
- A Switch = is a piece of hardware that  forwards data packets between two or more devices directly.
- Telephone wires = many WANs are reliant on telephone wires to transmit data over a long geographical distance.

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Most LANs connect to the Internet at a central point: a router. Home LANs often use a single router, while LANs in larger spaces may additionally use network switches for more efficient packet delivery.

LANs almost always use Ethernet, WiFi, or both in order to connect devices within the network. Ethernet is a protocol for physical network connections that requires the use of Ethernet cables. WiFi is a protocol for connecting to a network via radio waves.

A variety of devices can connect to LANs, including servers, desktop computers, laptops, printers, IoT devices, and even game consoles. In offices, LANs are often used to provide shared access to internal employees to connected printers or servers.

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A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.

Regardless of size, a LAN's single defining characteristic is that it connects devices that are in a single, limited area. In contrast, a wide area network (WAN) or metropolitan area network (MAN) covers larger geographic areas. Some WANs and MANs connect many LANs together.

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https://create.kahoot.it/details/7888de2b-eb27-499e-9571-8d28fe391a31 - should be public

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn - any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!