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A deadly race riot hit the city of Springfield, Anti-black riots were common. The Springfield riots were the tipping point that led to the creation of the NAACP.

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Some Prominent members were Martin Luther King Jr, Thurgood Marshall, and Rosa Parks.

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Integration of the armed forces in 1948 Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1964, and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.