# data[].attributes.headline
“Los Angeles Barred to Sailors By Navy to Stem Zoot-Suit Riots; Army and Civilian Authorities Join in Measures to Halt Outbreaks and All Patrols Are Strengthened.” The New York Times. TimesMachine, http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/06/09/87419662.html?pageNumber=23 Accessed 26 Feb. 2023.  

# data[].attributes.subject
“Los Angeles Barred to Sailors By Navy to Stem Zoot-Suit Riots; Army and Civilian Authorities Join in Measures to Halt Outbreaks and All Patrols Are Strengthened.” The New York Times. TimesMachine, http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/06/09/87419662.html?pageNumber=23 Accessed 26 Feb. 2023.  

# data[].attributes.headline
Pagán, Eduardo Obregón. The Rise of Riots | American Experience | PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/zoot-rise-riots/ Accessed 26 Feb. 2023.

# data[].attributes.subject
Pagán, Eduardo Obregón. The Rise of Riots | American Experience | PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/zoot-rise-riots/ Accessed 26 Feb. 2023.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Crisis  1943-07: Vol 50 Iss 7. The Crisis Publishing Company, 1943. Internet Archive, http://archive.org/details/sim_crisis_1943-07_50_7

# data[].attributes.subject
The Crisis  1943-07: Vol 50 Iss 7. The Crisis Publishing Company, 1943. Internet Archive, http://archive.org/details/sim_crisis_1943-07_50_7

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Crisis 1943-07: Vol 50 Iss 7 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

# data[].attributes.headline
"Zoot Suit Riots." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, edited by John Hartwell Moore, vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 244-246. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2831200409/UHIC?u=san74543&sid=bookmark-UHIC&xid=0b86c337. Accessed 25 Jan. 2023.

# data[].attributes.subject
"Zoot Suit Riots." Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, edited by John Hartwell Moore, vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 244-246. Gale In Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2831200409/UHIC?u=san74543&sid=bookmark-UHIC&xid=0b86c337. Accessed 25 Jan. 2023.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
About Gale In Context: U.S. History Uncover information on hundreds of the most significant people, events, and topics in U.S. history from a variety of sources. Don't know how to login? Depending on this location's preferences, the log-in process could include your library card number, a student or user ID, or another provided password.

# data[].attributes.headline
Main Question: Did the LAPD effectively respond to the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943?

# data[].attributes.subject
Main Question: Did the LAPD effectively respond to the Zoot Suit Riots of 1943?

# data[].attributes.headline
To what extent did California courts and media facilitate the discrimination of pachucos in LA?

# data[].attributes.subject
To what extent did California courts and media facilitate the discrimination of pachucos in LA?

# data[].attributes.headline
What were the root causes of the Zoot Suit Riots?

# data[].attributes.subject
What were the root causes of the Zoot Suit Riots?

# data[].attributes.headline
Excerpt from The Crisis (NAACP Magazine), July 1943

# data[].attributes.subject
Excerpt from The Crisis (NAACP Magazine), July 1943

# data[].attributes.body
LAPD officers were often bystanders during the riots, and discriminately arrested Mexican-American victims instead of the sailors who were beating them. The sailors were also described as loud and alcoholic, which gave them a bad reputation in LA before the riots even started.

"during the first two nights of the rioting, no policemen were in evidence until the gangs of sailors...had sapped up on the pachucos with belt buckles...When the sailors departed...the police appeared as if they had been waiting around the corner and arrested the Mexican youths who had been knocked out"

https://archive.org/details/sim_crisis_1943-07_50_7/page/n7/mode/2up

# data[].attributes.body
As the US Navy restricted Los Angeles from sailors to stop the riots, LAPD worked together with Army police to bring an end to the violence. Since most of the rioters were sailors, the Navy's restriction order is essentially seen as the end of the Zoot Suit Riots, as the sailors were barred from further violence against the pachucos.

"Army and Civilian Authorities Join in Measures to Halt Outbreaks and All Patrols Are Strengthened...Army authorities, although not joining the Navy in restricting all Los Angeles to soldiers, said the Army was cooperating with [LAPD] in every respect."

# data[].attributes.headline
Library of Congress: CA Court Ruling in People v. Zamora

# data[].attributes.subject
Library of Congress: CA Court Ruling in People v. Zamora

# data[].attributes.body
In 1943, California courts reversed all 12 convictions from the murder of Jose Diaz at Sleepy Lagoon (part of the beginning of the riots), as the initial trials were largely unfair towards the defendants. The 12 boys were not allowed to change out of their zoot suits for the first month of the 13-week trial, nor were they "permitted to sit with their lawyers". Their zoot suits were also used as evidence against them, which the appellate courts later ruled was "inadmissible evidence".

https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb5c6011c8&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text https://guides.loc.gov/latinx-civil-rights/people-v-zamorra#s-lib-ctab-24834667-0

# data[].attributes.headline
LA Times on the 75th Anniversary of the Riots

# data[].attributes.subject
LA Times on the 75th Anniversary of the Riots

# data[].attributes.body
The LA Times interviewed Victor Silva, who was 12 at the time of the riots. He recalls that pachucos were being dragged out of theaters and beaten by the sailors, but "the police didn't seem to care". He slept with a baseball bat ready for sailors, as he suspected that the police were telling sailors "which homes to target."

https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-zoot-suit-riots-anniversary-20180604-story.html

# data[].attributes.headline
“Zoot Suit Riots: After 75 Years, L.A. Looks Back on a Violent Summer.” Los Angeles Times, 4 June 2018, https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-zoot-suit-riots-anniversary-20180604-story.html

# data[].attributes.subject
“Zoot Suit Riots: After 75 Years, L.A. Looks Back on a Violent Summer.” Los Angeles Times, 4 June 2018, https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-zoot-suit-riots-anniversary-20180604-story.html

# data[].attributes.body
"Al Waxman, editor of the Eastside Journal, a small Jewish newspaper, witnessed the chaos. He describes a 'mass of humanity locked in violent struggle, arms swinging, legs kicking, shrieking with anger.' The police were arresting dozens of young Mexican Americans. "Why am I being arrested?" one of them asked. The response was a savage clubbing with a nightstick. Although the boy fell to the sidewalk unconscious, he was kicked in the face by police."

# data[].attributes.body
Despite the Army Police’s efforts to stop naval violence against the pachucos, the LAPD failed to respond effectively to the Zoot Suit Riots because of their inhumane  treatment of men of color and unlawful detainment of Mexican-Americans during the riots.