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Anchoring Junction

Cell-anchoring junctions are cytoskeleton-associated sites of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesions. In epithelial cells, three types of cell–cell junctions are identified: tight junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes. In general, anchoring junctions are composed of transmembrane adhesion molecule of the cadherin or integrin families and an electron-dense submembrane plaque made up of signaling proteins that contribute to the transduction of intracellular signals and adaptor proteins that tether the junctional complex to the cytoskeleton.

Adherens:

The Adherens junction performs multiple functions including initiation and stabilization of cell to cell adhesion, regulation of the active cytoskeleton and intracellular signaling.

Desmosomes:

Desmosomes are adhesive intercellular junctions that mechanically integrate adjacent cells by coupling adhesive interactions mediated by desmosomal cadherins to the intermediate filament cytoskeletal network.

Hemidesmosomes:

They are multiprotein complexes that facilitate the stable adhesion of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.

Desmosomes vs Hemidesmosomes……

Desmosomes facilitate adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells, whereas hemidesmosomes named for their ultrastructural resemblance to half a desmosome.

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Discuss in what type of cell would you expect to find gap junctions, tight junctions or desmosomes? In advanced cancer, metastasis can occur in which cancer spreads to a different body part from where it started. Discuss what the role of cell adhesion molecules could be in metastasis. 

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Discuss in what type of cell would you expect to find gap junctions, tight junctions or desmosomes? In advanced cancer, metastasis can occur in which cancer spreads to a different body part from where it started. Discuss what the role of cell adhesion molecules could be in metastasis. 

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cell adhesion is essential in all aspects of cell growth, cell migration and cell differentiation in vertebrate cells

Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important participants in cell–cell interactions and interactions between cells and components of the extracellular matrix

These molecules have been implicated in a wide variety of cellular functions including signal transduction, cellular communication and recognition, embryogenesis, inflammatory and immune responses, and apoptosis

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Compare and contrast the different type and function of the different cell junctions. Include a section for similarities and a section for differences. Include examples of tight junctions, anchoring junctions and gap junctions (use images to help)

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Compare and contrast the different type and function of the different cell junctions. Include a section for similarities and a section for differences. Include examples of tight junctions, anchoring junctions and gap junctions (use images to help)

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Cell adhesion promotes the proliferation and survival ability of cancer cells in the bloodstream, thereby increasing the probability of distant metastases forming.

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Differences between Gap and Tight Junctions

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Differences between Gap and Tight Junctions

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Tight Junctions regulates movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers.
Gap Junctions allows the direct chemical communication between adjacent cytoplasms.

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Describe how cells form tissues, tissues form organs and organs form organ systems (use images to help). Consider these features: Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

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Describe how cells form tissues, tissues form organs and organs form organ systems (use images to help). Consider these features: Cytoskeleton, Extracellular Matrix, Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

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The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement. There is no single cytoskeletal component.

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Microtubules, with intermediate filaments and microfilaments, are the components of the cell skeleton which determinates the shape of a cell. Microtubules are involved in different functions including the assembly of mitotic spindle, in dividing cells, or axon extension, in neurons.

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How cell junctions are involved in cell communication

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How cell junctions are involved in cell communication

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How cell junctions are related to cell communication

allow for direct chemical communication between adjacent cellular cytoplasm through diffusion without contact with the extracellular fluid.

Gap junctions specifically are involved in cell communication s they form pores between adjacent cell walls. These pores allow for small molecules and ions to pass through, allowing effective chemical communication.

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Describe the four different tissue types (use images to help)

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Describe the four different tissue types (use images to help)

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The main function of intermediate filaments is to provide support and structure for cells. The intermediate filaments are a permanent part of the cytoskeleton and help provide structure for the cell. They are also essential in anchoring the cell to other cells, called cell cohesion, and to the extracellular matrix.

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A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells. Gap junctions form regulated gates between cells. They allow the movement of various molecules between the cells, also allowing electric impulse between cells

Similarities with Tight Junction:
- Both are types of cell junctions that occur between adjacent cells in vertebrates
- Both plasma membrane and and various proteins are involved in the formation of these cell junctions

Difference with Tight Junction: Tight Junction regulates the movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers whereas gap junction allows the direct chemical communication between adjacent cytoplasms

Difference with Anchoring Junction: Gap junction doesn't involve an action of attaching intermediate filaments from one cell to other sites.

The role of Gap Junction in metastasis:
Gap junctions may help cancer cells invade, remain dormant at distant sites of metastasis, increase nutrient supply and waste removal within the tumor, and interact with immune cells to escape detection.

Good work! Very good last section. Don't forget that @all groups Most diseases involve at least one breakdown in cell communication, but this breakdown can occur at different levels in the signalling pathway:

•Losing the signal

•Signal not reaching its target

•Target ignoring the signal

•Too much signal

•Multiple breakdowns

•Other

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Cell adhesion is essential in all aspects of cell growth, cell migration and cell differentiation in vertebrate cells.

Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) are important participants in cell–cell interactions and interactions between cells and components of the extracellular matrix
CAMs are crucial for cell recognition and in forming tissues as cells must recognise and adhere to each other in order to assemble into tissues.

Excellent well done

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synapses occur between the axon of one neuron and dendrite of another, simultaneously activating the chain reaction 

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Description
cells of this tissue type are (motor, sensory,inter)neurons

Function
transit of electrical signals from sensory organs (f.e. eyes) to efector organs (f.e. muscles)

Location
CNS (brain, spinal cord)
and PNS (nerves)

see more here :)

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An epithelial tissue is a type of body tissue that forms the covering of all internal and external structures of the body.

It is located all around the body, differs in shape depending on its function.
<Examples>
- simple squamous epithelium are in air sacs of lungs and blood vessels. Due to their simple and thin construct, they allow for easy transmembrane movement.
- simple cuboidal epithelium are in ducts and secretory portions of small glands.
-the outer layer of the skin, lines of the esophagus, lines of the bladder.

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In association with myosin, microfilaments help to generate the forces used in cellular contraction and basic cell movements. The filaments also enable a dividing cell to pinch off into two cells and are involved in amoeboid movements of certain types of cells.

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Muscle tissue is composed of cells that can help the body to move and it is highly composed of cells and blood vessels. It is long and slender. It is located inside either in the bone or in your heart, it can also be in your heart. The function differs according to the place if it is in your heart it can pump your blood.
The specifics are spindle-shaped and you could find branching fibers to pump your heart to give you the blood and oxygen you need.
Fab image there - again, try to add in some specific structure you expect to find in muscle tissue and how they relate to function

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Description
Connective tissue is the tissue that connects and supports many types of tissue in our body
Function
Act as a framework
Structural support
Transportation of substances
Protect organs from disease
Aid repairment of damage to the cell.

Location
Large blood vessel
(Elastic)
In the large blood vessel, the connective tissue facilitates the exchange of substances inside and outside the blood vessel.
Lungs
(Elastin)
Skin
(Dermis)
The connective tissue can protect from disease and regulate the temperature.

Good - try to add in some of the specific structures and how they relate to their functions

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Tight junctions and their similarities  

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Tight junctions and their similarities  

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Tight junctions: form the continuous intercellular barrier between epithelial cells

Regulate selective movement and diffusion of solutes through the intercellular space.

Recruit cytoskeletal and signaling molecules at their cytoplasmic surface.

Establishing a barrier between compartments of the body.

Similarities:

Gap Junctions – Both plasma membrane and various proteins are involved in the formation of these cell junctions

Gap junctions – Also both their main function is to hold animal cells together, combining cell adhesion, molecules and extra cellular matrix.

Good!

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add in what those three examples do e.g. adherens, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

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The extra-cellular matrix is a network of extracellular macromolecules such as fibrous proteins, glycoproteins, and proteins that link fibrous protein and glycoproteins together. They function to hold cells together and allow cells to form connective tissues, where the extracellular matrix is plentiful and cells are sparsely distributed within it. The extracellular matrix is also involved in cell movement and communication, filters materials passing between tissues, and contribute to the tissue's physical properties.

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Good - this image shoes microfilaments and microtubules - these would be good to investigate further

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Cells are the basic unit of life according to the Cell Theory.
Cells group together to form tissues to coordinate specific function.
Tissues group together to form organs to operate certain function.
Several organs form a system.

e.g. the circulatory system shown in the photo above